d-serine levels in Alzheimer's disease: implications for novel biomarker development

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder still in search of effective methods of diagnosis. Altered levels of the NMDA receptor co-agonist, d-serine, have been associated with neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and epilepsy. However, whether d-serine levels are deregulated in AD remains elusive. Here, we first measured D-serine levels in post-mortem hippocampal and cortical samples from nondemented subjects (n=8) and AD patients (n=14). We next determined d-serine levels in experimental models of AD, including wild-type rats and mice that received intracerebroventricular injections of amyloid-β oligomers, and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Finally, we assessed d-serine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD, as compared with patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (n=9), major depression (n=9) and healthy controls (n=10), and results were contrasted with CSF amyloid-β/tau AD biomarkers. d-serine levels were higher in the hippocampus and parietal cortex of AD patients than in control subjects. Levels of both d-serine and serine racemase, the enzyme responsible for d-serine production, were elevated in experimental models of AD. Significantly, d-serine levels were higher in the CSF of probable AD patients than in non-cognitively impaired subject groups. Combining d-serine levels to the amyloid/tau index remarkably increased the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of probable AD in our cohort. Our results show that increased brain and CSF d-serine levels are associated with AD. CSF d-serine levels discriminated between nondemented and AD patients in our cohort and might constitute a novel candidate biomarker for early AD diagnosis.

• Publication year

  2015

• Venue

  Translational Psychiatry

• Publication date

  2015-05-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1038/tp.2015.52PMID 25942042PMCID 4471283
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Clinicopathologic assessment and imaging of tauopathies in neurodegenerative dementias

  2014cited by this paper
• D-serine prevents cognitive deficits induced by acute stress.

  2014cited by this paper
• Impact of harmonization of collection tubes on Alzheimer's disease diagnosis

  2014cited by this paper
• A Sensitive Aβ Oligomer Assay Discriminates Alzheimer's and Aged Control Cerebrospinal Fluid

  2014cited by this paper
• Phosphorylated tau-Aβ42 ratio as a continuous trait for biomarker discovery for early-stage Alzheimer's disease in multiplex immunoassay panels of cerebrospinal fluid.

  2014cited by this paper
• Hypocretin and brain β-amyloid peptide interactions in cognitive disorders and narcolepsy

  2014cited by this paper
• Longitudinal Change in CSF Biomarkers in Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease

  2014cited by this paper
• Translational control of mGluR-dependent long-term depression and object-place learning by eIF2α

  2014cited by this paper
• A diagnostic scale for Alzheimer’s disease based on cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profiles

  2014cited by this paper
• The effects of subchronic d-serine on left-right discrimination learning, social interaction, and exploratory activity in APPswe/PS1 mice.

  2013cited by this paper
• Cerebrospinal Fluid PKR Level Predicts Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease

  2013cited by this paper
• Memantine and Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Complementary Mechanisms in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

  2013cited by this paper
• Deregulation of excitatory neurotransmission underlying synapse failure in Alzheimer's disease

  2013cited by this paper
• Aβ induces astrocytic glutamate release, extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation, and synaptic loss

  2013cited by this paper
• TNF-α mediates PKR-dependent memory impairment and brain IRS-1 inhibition induced by Alzheimer's β-amyloid oligomers in mice and monkeys.

  2013cited by this paper
• D-Serine: physiology and pathology

  2013cited by this paper
• The serine shuttle between glia and neurons: implications for neurotransmission and neurodegeneration.

  2013cited by this paper
• Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease.

  2012cited by this paper
• Plasma levels of D-serine in Brazilian individuals with schizophrenia.

  2012cited by this paper
• Contribution of serine racemase/d‐serine pathway to neuronal apoptosis

  2012cited by this paper
• The clinical problem of symptomatic Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.

  2012cited by this paper
• Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease

  2012cited by this paper
• Amyloid-β oligomers link depressive-like behavior and cognitive deficits in mice

  2012cited by this paper
• Serine racemase: an unconventional enzyme for an unconventional transmitter

  2012cited by this paper
• Neurotoxicity of amyloid β-protein: synaptic and network dysfunction.

  2012cited by this paper
• Astrocyte-induced Synaptogenesis Is Mediated by Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling through Modulation of d-Serine Levels in Cerebral Cortex Neurons*

  2012cited by this paper
• P2‐006: Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of double‐stranded RNA‐dependant protein kinase in Alzheimer's disease

  2012cited by this paper
• Amyloid-β Oligomers Induce Differential Gene Expression in Adult Human Brain Slices*

  2012cited by this paper
• Alzheimer CSF biomarkers in routine clinical setting

  2012cited by this paper
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease and Geriatric Depression: Preliminary Findings from Brazil

  2012cited by this paper
• Soluble Aβ Oligomers Inhibit Long-Term Potentiation through a Mechanism Involving Excessive Activation of Extrasynaptic NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors

  2011cited by this paper
• Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

  2011cited by this paper
• Changing concepts of Alzheimer disease.

  2011cited by this paper
• Protein kinase C activity regulates d‐serine availability in the brain

  2011cited by this paper
• Revision of the criteria for Alzheimer's disease: A symposium

  2011cited by this paper
• The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

  2011cited by this paper
• Effects of low-dose d-serine on recognition and working memory in mice

  2011cited by this paper
• The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.

  2011cited by this paper
• Aβ oligomers induce glutamate release from hippocampal neurons.

  2011cited by this paper
• N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors are required for synaptic targeting of Alzheimer’s toxic amyloid‐β peptide oligomers

  2010cited by this paper
• Post-Mortem diagnosis of dementia by informant interview

  2010cited by this paper
• Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease

  2010cited by this paper
• Activation of D1/D5 Dopamine Receptors Protects Neurons from Synapse Dysfunction Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers*

  2010cited by this paper
• Serine Racemase Deletion Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia and Excitotoxicity

  2010cited by this paper
• Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders

  2010cited by this paper
• Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses

  2009cited by this paper
• Reversal of long-term dendritic spine alterations in Alzheimer disease models

  2009cited by this paper
• Soluble oligomers of amyloid Beta protein facilitate hippocampal long-term depression by disrupting neuronal glutamate uptake.

  2009cited by this paper
• Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition Improves Synaptic Function, Memory, and Amyloid-β Load in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

  2009cited by this paper
• A specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring beta-amyloid protein oligomers in human plasma and brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer disease.

  2009cited by this paper
• d‐Amino acids in the brain: d‐serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration

  2008cited by this paper
• Aβ Oligomers Induce Neuronal Oxidative Stress through an N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor-dependent Mechanism That Is Blocked by the Alzheimer Drug Memantine*

  2007cited by this paper
• G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

  2007cited by this paper
• Natural Oligomers of the Alzheimer Amyloid-β Protein Induce Reversible Synapse Loss by Modulating an NMDA-Type Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Signaling Pathway

  2007cited by this paper
• Brain bank of the Brazilian aging brain study group—a milestone reached and more than 1,600 collected brains

  2006cited by this paper
• Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-time Quantita- Tive Pcr and the 2 Preanalytic Error Tracking in a Laboratory Medicine Department: Results of a 1-year Experience

  2006cited by this paper
• Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis.

  2006cited by this paper
• Free D- and L-amino acids in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer and normal subjects

  2005cited by this paper
• Induction of serine racemase expression and D-serine release from microglia by amyloid β-peptide

  2004cited by this paper
• Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes

  2004cited by this paper
• Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease

  2004cited by this paper
• Welcome to the Journal of Neuroinflammation!

  2004cited by this paper
• Selective loss of NMDA receptor NR1 subunit isoforms in Alzheimer's disease

  2004cited by this paper
• Biochemical and molecular studies of NMDA receptor subunits NR1/2A/2B in hippocampal subregions throughout progression of Alzheimer's disease pathology.

  2004cited by this paper
• Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on transforming growth factor beta over-expressing mouse brains: a model revised

  2004cited by this paper
• Alzheimer's disease-affected brain: Presence of oligomeric Aβ ligands (ADDLs) suggests a molecular basis for reversible memory loss

  2003cited by this paper
• Common Structure of Soluble Amyloid Oligomers Implies Common Mechanism of Pathogenesis

  2003cited by this paper
• Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons

  2002cited by this paper
• A new strategy to decrease N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor coactivation: Inhibition of d-serine synthesis by converting serine racemase into an eliminase

  2001cited by this paper
• Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

  2001cited by this paper
• Co-expression of multiple transgenes in mouse CNS: a comparison of strategies.

  2001cited by this paper
• Glutamate uptake.

  2001cited by this paper
• Neuropathological heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s disease: A study of 80 cases using principal components analysis

  2000cited by this paper
• Distribution of glutamate receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the hippocampus of normal elderly and patients with Alzheimer's disease.

  1999cited by this paper
• Purification of serine racemase: biosynthesis of the neuromodulator D-serine.

  1999cited by this paper
• Improved discrimination of AD patients using β-amyloid(1-42) and tau levels in CSF

  1999cited by this paper
• Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins.

  1998cited by this paper
• Free D-serine in post-mortem brains and spinal cords of individuals with and without neuropsychiatric diseases.

  1995cited by this paper
• Free D-serine concentration in normal and Alzheimer human brain.

  1995cited by this paper
• Free D-serine in post-mortem brains and spinal cords of individuals with and without neuropsychiatric diseases

  1995cited by this paper
• The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)

  1993cited by this paper
• Presence of the N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate‐Associated Glycine Receptor Agonist, D‐Seine, in Human Temporal Cortex: Comparison of Normal, Parkinson, and Alzheimer Tissues

  1993cited by this paper
• A new strategy.

  1992cited by this paper
• The presence of free D‐serine in rat brain

  1992cited by this paper
• Cerebrospinal fluid.

  1965cited by this paper
• The cerebrospinal fluid

  1938cited by this paper
• Neurobiology of Disease Soluble ␤-amyloid 1– 40 Induces Nmda-dependent Degradation of Postsynaptic Density-95 at Glutamatergic Synapses

  year unknowncited by this paper

• APOE-ε4 genotype and western diet synergistically aggravate synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease via D-serine disruption.

  2026cites this paper
• Machine-learning Assisted Design of Ultra-Sensitive Chiral Molecularly- Imprinted Sensor for Detection of D-Serine: A Potential Alzheimer Biomarker

  2026cites this paper
• Microglial serine racemase knockout alleviates Alzheimer-like neuropathology and behavioral deficit via lactylation-mediated anti-inflammation.

  2026cites this paper
• The role of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease: Pathophysiology, biomarkers, and therapeutic potential

  2026cites this paper
• Application of D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) in Bioanalytics

  2026cites this paper
• D-serine: A Multitalented Neuromodulator in Brain Function, Systemic Homeostasis, and Disease.

  2026cites this paper
• Chiral recognition of amino acids by mass spectrometry with the combinations of two different chiral selectors

  2026cites this paper
• mtDNA leakage promotes neuron-glia crosstalk to induce epilepsy by cGAS-STING-driven neuroinflammation and serine metabolic reprogramming.

  2026cites this paper
• Chemoselective and enantioselective fluorescent recognition of basic amino acids: A review

  2025cites this paper
• Lysophosphatidylcholines are associated with amyloidosis in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease

  2025cites this paper
• The Role of Astrocytes in Synaptic Dysfunction and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease

  2025cites this paper
• Cancer progression through the lens of age-induced metabolic reprogramming

  2025cites this paper
• Quantitative analysis of D/L-serine and D/L-proline in serum by isotope-coded derivatization using an original chiral resolution labeling reagent

  2025cites this paper
• Early involvement of D-serine in β-amyloid-dependent pathophysiology

  2025cites this paper
• [CuII(l-Phe)2-H]+ Complex: A Versatile Selector for Wide Enantiomeric Excess Determination and Chiral Recognition in Complicated Matrices by Post-column Infusion LC-Energy-resolved MS/MS.

  2025cites this paper
• DAOA and APOEε4 as Modifiers of Age of Onset in Autosomal-Dominant Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Caused by the PSEN1 A431E Variant

  2025cites this paper
• Astrocytes as Metabolic Sensors Orchestrating Energy‐Driven Brain Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease

  2025cites this paper
• D‐ and L‐Amino Acid Blood Concentrations Are Affected in Children With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

  2025cites this paper
• Biomarkers in normal pressure hydrocephalus: A mini review.

  2025cites this paper
• A fluorescent probe for enantioselective recognition of amino acids in solutions, cells and zebrafishes

  2025cites this paper
• Cell type-specific master metabolic regulators of Alzheimer’s disease

  2025cites this paper
• Online chiral selector screening by parallel post-column infusion-LC-MS/MS to enable enantiomeric measurements.

  2025cites this paper
• Internal standard strategies for amino acid and polyamine quantification in rat urine and plasma via chemical derivatization-assisted LC–MS/MS

  2025cites this paper
• Impact of D-Amino Acids in Schizophrenia

  2025cites this paper
• Neurobiology of L-proline: From molecules to behavior.

  2025cites this paper
• Stereoselective design of amino acid bioconjugates: targeting strategies and physicochemical optimization

  2025cites this paper
• Systematic characterization of cell type-specific master metabolic regulators in Alzheimer’s disease

  2025cites this paper
• Next-Generation Biosensor Technologies for Alzheimer's Disease: Innovations in Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Treatment.

  2025cites this paper
• Age- and Sex-Specific Regulation of Serine Racemase in the Retina of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse

  2025cites this paper
• SLC1A4 and Serine Homeostasis: Implications for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders

  2025cites this paper
• Role of acute exposure to environmental stressors in the gut-brain-periphery axis in the presence of cognitive resilience.

  2025cites this paper
• Boron, Titanium, and Calcium Doped Graphene Monolayers for Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarker Detection: A Density Functional Theory Study

  2025cites this paper
• Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites in Postmortem Brains of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

  2024cites this paper
• Advances and challenges in serine in the central nervous system: physicochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology

  2024cites this paper
• Blood d-serine levels correlate with aging and dopaminergic treatment in Parkinson's disease.

  2024cites this paper
• Histone Methylation, Energy Metabolism, and Alzheimer's Disease

  2024cites this paper
• D-Amino acids from foods and gut microbiota and their effects in health and disease

  2024cites this paper
• Characterisation of a microelectrochemical biosensor for real-time detection of brain extracellular d-serine.

  2024cites this paper
• Serum dysregulation of serine and glycine metabolism as predictive biomarker for cognitive decline in frail elderly subjects

  2024cites this paper
• CSF amino acid profiles in ICV‐streptozotocin‐induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease in male Wistar rat: a metabolomics and systems biology perspective

  2024cites this paper
• Lysophosphatidylcholines are associated with P-tau181 levels in early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease

  2024cites this paper
• The Development of a Regulator of Human Serine Racemase for N-Methyl-D-aspartate Function

  2024cites this paper
• A comprehensive review on signaling attributes of serine and serine metabolism in health and disease.

  2024cites this paper
• Targeted Chiral Metabolomics of D-Amino Acids: Their Emerging Role as Potential Biomarkers in Neurological Diseases with a Focus on Their Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis upon Chiral Derivatization

  2024cites this paper
• Fabrication of a polymer brush-functionalized porphyrin-based covalent organic framework for enrichment of N-glycopeptides

  2023cites this paper
• Synaptic proteasome is inhibited in Alzheimer’s disease models and associates with memory impairment in mice

  2023cites this paper
• Roles of serine in neurodegenerative diseases

  2023cites this paper
• d-Amino acids in biological systems.

  2023cites this paper
• Proteomic alterations in the brain and blood–brain barrier during brain Aβ accumulation in an APP knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

  2023cites this paper
• Simultaneous quantification of five DL-amino acids in beer by UHPLC–MS/MS using a novel chiral mass spectrometry probe

  2023cites this paper
• Unveiling chirality: Exploring nature’s blueprint for engineering plasmonic materials

  2023cites this paper
• Lysophosphatidylcholines are associated with P-tau181 levels in early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease

  2023cites this paper
• Emerging concepts towards a translational framework in Alzheimer's disease.

  2023cites this paper
• Potential novel mechanism of selenium on cognition

  2023cites this paper
• The identification of a potential plasma metabolite marker for Alzheimer's disease by LC-MS untargeted metabolomics.

  2023cites this paper
• Homeostasis of serine enantiomers is disrupted in the post-mortem caudate putamen and cerebrospinal fluid of living Parkinson's disease patients.

  2023cites this paper
• Information-Rich, Dual-Function 13C/2H-Isotopic Crosstalk NMR Assay for Human Serine Racemase (hSR) Provides a PLP-Enzyme "Partitioning Fingerprint" and Reveals Disparate Chemotypes for hSR Inhibition.

  2023cites this paper
• In Silico and In Vitro Screening of Serine Racemase Agonist and In Vivo Efficacy on Alzheimer’s Disease Drosophila melanogaster

  2023cites this paper
• Regional contributions of D-serine to Alzheimer’s disease pathology in male AppNL–G–F/NL–G–F mice

  2023cites this paper
• Detection and analysis of chiral molecules as disease biomarkers

  2023cites this paper
• Promising applications of D-amino acids in periprosthetic joint infection

  2023cites this paper
• Mechanisms of NMDA receptor regulation.

  2023cites this paper
• Unveiling Chirality: Exploring Nature's Blueprint for Engineering Nanostructured Materials

  2023cites this paper
• Chiral Amino Acid Profiling in Serum Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease

  2023cites this paper
• Differential relationships of NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress with cognitive decline.

  2023cites this paper
• 19F NMR enantiodiscrimination and diastereomeric purity determination of amino acids, dipeptides, and amines.

  2023cites this paper
• Blood D-Amino Acid Oxidase Levels Increased With Cognitive Decline Among People With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Two-Year Prospective Study

  2022cites this paper
• Chirality in Light–Matter Interaction

  2022cites this paper
• Metabonomics Study in Mice With Learning and Memory Impairment on the Intervention of Essential Oil Extracted From Cinnamomum camphora Chvar. Borneol

  2022cites this paper
• Promoting Endogenous Neurogenesis as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease

  2022cites this paper
• d-Serine controls epidermal vesicle release via NMDA receptor, allowing tissue migration during the metamorphosis of the chordate Ciona

  2022cites this paper
• The chirality determination of amino acids by forming complexes with cyclodextrins and metal ions using ion mobility spectrometry, and a DFT calculation.

  2022cites this paper
• Biomarkers of Activity-Dependent Plasticity and Persistent Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission in Alzheimer Disease: A Review of the Current Status

  2022cites this paper
• Complex processes underlying the dynamic changes of D-serine level in AD brains.

  2022cites this paper
• Upconversion NaYF4:Yb/Er-TiO2-Ti3C2 Heterostructure-Based Near-Infrared Light-Driven Photoelectrochemical Biosensor for Highly Sensitive and Selective d-Serine Detection.

  2022cites this paper
• Assessment of the neuroprotective potential of d-cycloserine and l-serine in aluminum chloride-induced experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease: In vivo and in vitro studies

  2022cites this paper
• Biomarkers for dementia in Latin American countries: Gaps and opportunities

  2022cites this paper
• D-Amino Acids as a Biomarker in Schizophrenia

  2022cites this paper
• Serine racemase expression differentiates aging from Alzheimer's brain.

  2022cites this paper
• Alterations of serine racemase expression determine proliferation and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells

  2022cites this paper
• Protein Expression of Amino Acid Transporters Is Altered in Isolated Cerebral Microvessels of 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

  2022cites this paper
• Serum Serine and the Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Nested Case-Control Study From the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT)

  2022cites this paper
• Chiral derivatization-enabled discrimination and on-tissue detection of proteinogenic amino acids by ion mobility mass spectrometry

  2022cites this paper
• Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle.

  2022cites this paper
• Deletion of serine racemase reverses neuronal insulin signaling inhibition by amyloid‐β oligomers

  2022cites this paper
• The unfolded protein response transcription factor XBP1s ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease by improving synaptic function and proteostasis

  2022cites this paper
• Simultaneous Discrimination and Quantification of Enantiomeric Amino Acids under Physiological Conditions by Chiral 19F NMR Tag.

  2022cites this paper
• Is the Brain Undernourished in Alzheimer’s Disease?

  2022cites this paper
• Bifunctional super-hydrophilic mesoporous nanocomposite: a novel nanoprobe for investigation of glycosylation and phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease.

  2022cites this paper
• Deep proteome analysis of plasma reveals novel biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A longitudinal study

  2022cites this paper
• Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels

  2021cites this paper
• A Rationally and Computationally Designed Fluorescent Biosensor for d-Serine.

  2021cites this paper
• Racemization in Post-Translational Modifications Relevance to Protein Aging, Aggregation and Neurodegeneration: Tip of the Iceberg

  2021cites this paper
• Current Trends on Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors

  2021cites this paper
• Machine Learning and Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

  2021cites this paper
• Involvement of Cholinergic, Adrenergic, and Glutamatergic Network Modulation with Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease

  2021cites this paper
• d-Amino Acids and pLG72 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Schizophrenia

  2021influential citation
• High performance liquid chromatography determination of l-glutamate, l-glutamine and glycine content in brain, cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum of patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease

  2021cites this paper
• The Role of D-Amino Acids in Alzheimer’s Disease

  2021influential citation
• Artificial Chiral Interfaces against Amyloid-β Peptide Aggregation: Research Progress and Challenges.

  2021cites this paper