African non human primates infected by SIV - why don't they get sick? Lessons from studies on the early phase of non-pathogenic SIV infection.

African non human primates are natural hosts of SIV. The infection is generally non-pathogenic despite high steady-state levels of plasma viral RNA that in HIV-1 and SIVmac infections are associated with progression towards AIDS. The viral loads in the gut also are as high as in pathogenic HIV-1/SIVmac infections; but replication levels are lower in peripheral lymph nodes of chronically infected African green monkeys. There is a transient loss of CD4(+) T cells in the blood in SIVagm and SIVsm infections and an early dramatic and more persistent decrease in the gut. Although SIV in natural hosts is thus cytopathic, the continuous viral replication is not associated with immunopathology. T CD4(+) cells in blood, lymph nodes and gut manifest no or little increase of cell-death by apoptosis. The lymph node and gut architecture is not disrupted. The most striking difference between non-pathogenic SIV and pathogenic HIV-1/SIVmac infections is the lack of chronic T cell activation. Several studies are currently in progress to determine which factors are involved in the maintenance of the low activation level in the non-pathogenic SIV infections. There are two ways in which this could be achieved: (i) a lack of immune activation induction or (ii) an active downregulation of the immune activation. The arguments in favor of each of these two possible ways of immune activation control will be discussed in view of the most recent data in the literature. A particular focus is put on data on the innate immune system and the timing of induction of immunosuppressive mediators during the early phase of SIV infection.

• Publication year

  2009

• Venue

  Current HIV Research

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.2174/157016209787048546PMID 19149553
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Simian immunodeficiency virus–induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut

  2008cited by this paper
• Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and nonpathogenic AIDS virus infections

  2008influential reference
• Toll-like receptor expression and responsiveness are increased in viraemic HIV-1 infection

  2008cited by this paper
• Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced intestinal cell apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of the regenerative enteropathy of early infection.

  2008cited by this paper
• Antiviral Therapy during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Fails To Prevent Acute Loss of CD4+ T Cells in Gut Mucosa but Enhances Their Rapid Restoration through Central Memory T Cells

  2008cited by this paper
• Primary infection with simian immunodeficiency virus: plasmacytoid dendritic cell homing to lymph nodes, type I interferon, and immune suppression.

  2008cited by this paper
• Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Dynamics and Alpha Interferon Production during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with a Nonpathogenic Outcome

  2008influential reference
• Coordination of Early Protective Immunity to Viral Infection by Regulatory T Cells

  2008cited by this paper
• Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Vervet African Green Monkeys Chronically Infected with SIVagm

  2008influential reference
• Coordination of Early Protective Immunity to Viral Infection by Regulatory T Cells

  2008cited by this paper
• Early Resolution of Acute Immune Activation and Induction of PD-1 in SIV-Infected Sooty Mangabeys Distinguishes Nonpathogenic from Pathogenic Infection in Rhesus Macaques12

  2008influential reference
• Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm Dynamics in African Green Monkeys

  2008cited by this paper
• Availability of activated CD4+ T cells dictates the level of viremia in naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys.

  2008cited by this paper
• Altered balance between Th17 and Th1 cells at mucosal sites predicts AIDS progression in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques

  2008cited by this paper
• CD4+ T cell depletion in an untreated HIV type 1-infected human leukocyte antigen-B*5801-positive patient with an undetectable viral load.

  2008cited by this paper
• TGF-beta in intestinal lymphoid organs contributes to the death of armed effector CD8 T cells and is associated with the absence of virus containment in rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus.

  2007cited by this paper
• Adaptation of HIV-1 to its human host.

  2007cited by this paper
• Early Divergence in Lymphoid Tissue Apoptosis between Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections of Nonhuman Primates

  2007influential reference
• Low Immune Activation despite High Levels of Pathogenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Results in Long-Term Asymptomatic Disease

  2007cited by this paper
• HIV-1 immunopathogenesis: how good interferon turns bad.

  2007cited by this paper
• Correlates of Preserved CD4+ T Cell Homeostasis during Natural, Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Sooty Mangabeys: Implications for AIDS Pathogenesis

  2007cited by this paper
• L’inhibition de la voie PD-1 permet de restaurer les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes spécifiques du VIH

  2007cited by this paper
• T regulatory cells: aid or hindrance in the clearance of disease?

  2007cited by this paper
• Acute Loss of Intestinal CD4+ T Cells Is Not Predictive of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Virulence1

  2007influential reference
• HIV-1 gp120 inhibits TLR9-mediated activation and IFN-α secretion in plasmacytoid dendritic cells

  2007cited by this paper
• Early restoration of mucosal CD4 memory CCR5 T cells in the gut of SIV-infected rhesus predicts long term non-progression

  2007cited by this paper
• Severe Depletion of Mucosal CD4+ T Cells in AIDS-Free Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Sooty Mangabeys1

  2007influential reference
• HIV-1 gp120 inhibits TLR9-mediated activation and IFN-{alpha} secretion in plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

  2007cited by this paper
• [Inhibition of the PD-1 pathway restores the effector function of HIV-specific T cells].

  2007cited by this paper
• FoxP3+ CD25+ CD8+ T-Cell Induction during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques Correlates with Low CD4+ T-Cell Activation and High Viral Load

  2007cited by this paper
• Virally Induced CD4+ T Cell Depletion Is Not Sufficient to Induce AIDS in a Natural Host1

  2007influential reference
• Depletion of CD8+ Cells in Sooty Mangabey Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reveals Limited Role for Immune Control of Virus Replication in a Natural Host Species1

  2007cited by this paper
• Understanding the benign nature of SIV infection in natural hosts.

  2007cited by this paper
• Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells

  2007cited by this paper
• Dynamics of T- and B-Lymphocyte Turnover in a Natural Host of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

  2007cited by this paper
• PD-1 Regulates Self-Reactive CD8+ T Cell Responses to Antigen in Lymph Nodes and Tissues1

  2007cited by this paper
• Virus Subtype-Specific Features of Natural Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmm Infection in Sooty Mangabeys

  2007cited by this paper
• Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection Influences the Level and Function of Regulatory T Cells in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques but Not SIV-Infected Sooty Mangabeys

  2007cited by this paper
• Pathogen recognition and innate immunity.

  2006cited by this paper
• Th-1-Type Cytotoxic CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Responses to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Are a Consistent Feature of Natural SIV Infection in Sooty Mangabeys

  2006influential reference
• Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection

  2006cited by this paper
• Premature induction of an immunosuppressive regulatory T cell response during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection.

  2006cited by this paper
• Massive Infection and Loss of Memory CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Tissues During Acute SIV Infection

  2006cited by this paper
• Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides

  2006cited by this paper
• Distinct expression profiles of TGF-β1 signaling mediators in pathogenic SIVmac and non-pathogenic SIVagm infections

  2006cited by this paper
• Simian immunodeficiency viruses replication dynamics in African non‐human primate hosts: common patterns and species‐specific differences

  2006cited by this paper
• The AIDS resistance of naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys is independent of cellular immunity to the virus.

  2006influential reference
• Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas

  2006cited by this paper
• Mucosal but not peripheral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are highly increased in untreated HIV infection and normalize after suppressive HAART.

  2006cited by this paper
• Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1

  2006cited by this paper
• Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection

  2006cited by this paper
• Gene expression profiling of gut mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes in simian immunodeficiency virus‐infected macaques with divergent disease course

  2006cited by this paper
• Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection

  2005cited by this paper
• Impact of Viral Factors on Very Early In Vivo Replication Profiles in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm-Infected African Green Monkeys

  2005influential reference
• Endocytosis of HIV-1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor-viral RNA interactions.

  2005influential reference
• Timely triggering of homeostatic mechanisms involved in the regulation of T-cell levels in SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys.

  2005cited by this paper
• Antiinflammatory profiles during primary SIV infection in African green monkeys are associated with protection against AIDS.

  2005influential reference
• Increased Expression of TLR3 in Lymph Nodes during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Implications for Inflammation and Immunodeficiency1

  2005cited by this paper
• Immunodeficiency in the Absence of High Viral Load in Pig-Tailed Macaques Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsun or SIVlhoest

  2005cited by this paper
• Plateau Levels of Viremia Correlate with the Degree of CD4+-T-Cell Loss in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm-Infected Pigtailed Macaques: Variable Pathogenicity of Natural SIVagm Isolates

  2005cited by this paper
• A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17

  2005cited by this paper
• HIV swiftly guts the immune system

  2005cited by this paper
• Peak SIV replication in resting memory CD4+ T cells depletes gut lamina propria CD4+ T cells

  2005cited by this paper
• Control of Foxp3+ CD25+CD4+ regulatory cell activation and function by dendritic cells.

  2004cited by this paper
• The roles of the new negative T cell costimulatory pathways in regulating autoimmunity.

  2004cited by this paper
• Influence of Coinfecting Pathogens on HIV Expression: Evidence for a Role of Toll-Like Receptors1

  2004cited by this paper
• Viral load in tissues during the early and chronic phase of non‐pathogenic SIVagm infection

  2004cited by this paper
• DC-SIGN from African Green Monkeys Is Expressed in Lymph Nodes and Mediates Infection in trans of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm

  2004cited by this paper
• Pre-seroconversion immune status predicts the rate of CD4 T cell decline following HIV infection

  2004cited by this paper
• Species-Specific Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA via Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8

  2004cited by this paper
• Innate Antiviral Responses by Means of TLR7-Mediated Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA

  2004influential reference
• The paradox of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in sooty mangabeys: active viral replication without disease progression.

  2004cited by this paper
• Immune activation set point during early HIV infection predicts subsequent CD4+ T-cell changes independent of viral load.

  2004cited by this paper
• Gene Expression Profiling of Host Response in Models of Acute HIV Infection1

  2004cited by this paper
• Genetic Analysis of Cytokine Promoters in Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Th1/Th2 Profile Characteristics and SIV Disease Pathogenesis

  2004cited by this paper
• Insufficient Production and Tissue Delivery of CD4+Memory T Cells in Rapidly Progressive Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

  2004cited by this paper
• Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS

  2003cited by this paper
• A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

  2003cited by this paper
• Nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is characterized by limited bystander immunopathology despite chronic high-level viremia.

  2003influential reference
• High levels of SIVmnd-1 replication in chronically infected Mandrillus sphinx.

  2003cited by this paper
• Noninvasive Detection of New Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Lineages in Captive Sooty Mangabeys: Ability To Amplify Virion RNA from Fecal Samples Correlates with Viral Load in Plasma

  2003cited by this paper
• Quantitative Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 1–10 mRNA in Cellular Subsets of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Sensitivity to CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides1

  2002cited by this paper
• High Levels of Viral Replication Contrast with Only Transient Changes in CD4+ and CD8+ Cell Numbers during the Early Phase of Experimental Infection with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmnd-1 in Mandrillus sphinx

  2002influential reference
• CD4 T Cell Depletion Is Linked Directly to Immune Activation in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 but Only Indirectly to the Viral Load1

  2002influential reference
• The ITAM in Nef Influences Acute Pathogenesis of AIDS-Inducing Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses SIVsm and SIVagm without Altering Kinetics or Extent of Viremia

  2002cited by this paper
• Immunological changes in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(agm))-infected African green monkeys (AGM): expanded cytotoxic T lymphocyte, natural killer and B cell subsets in the natural host of SIV(agm).

  2002influential reference
• Engineered CD4- and CXCR4-Using Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from African Green Monkeys Is Neutralization Sensitive and Replicates in Nonstimulated Lymphocytes

  2002cited by this paper
• IFN-α Secretion by Type 2 Predendritic Cells Up-Regulates MHC Class I in the HIV-1-Infected Thymus1

  2002cited by this paper
• Differences in early virus loads with different phenotypic variants of HIV-1 and SIVcpz in chimpanzees

  2001cited by this paper
• Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3

  2001cited by this paper
• Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates to High Levels in Naturally Infected African Green Monkeys without Inducing Immunologic or Neurologic Disease

  2001cited by this paper
• Subsets of Human Dendritic Cell Precursors Express Different Toll-like Receptors and Respond to Different Microbial Antigens

  2001cited by this paper
• Emergence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape mutations in nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection

  2001influential reference
• Frequent Substitution Polymorphisms in African Green Monkey CCR5 Cluster at Critical Sites for Infections by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm, Implying Ancient Virus-Host Coevolution

  2001cited by this paper
• Wide Range of Viral Load in Healthy African Green Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

  2000influential reference
• Normal T-Cell Turnover in Sooty Mangabeys Harboring Active Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

  2000cited by this paper
• A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

  2000cited by this paper
• High Levels of Viral Replication during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm Infection Are Rapidly and Strongly Controlled in African Green Monkeys

  2000influential reference
• AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications.

  2000cited by this paper
• Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses of Diverse Origin Can Use CXCR4 as a Coreceptor for Entry into Human Cells

  2000cited by this paper

• Taxonomic variation in immune response strategies among primates

  2025cites this paper
• The Three Pioneers in the Discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  2025cites this paper
• Facing stress and inflammation: From the cell to the planet

  2024cites this paper
• Rapid systemic spread and minimal immune responses following SIVsab intrarectal transmission in African green monkeys

  2024cites this paper
• A review of Gabonese gorillas and their pathogens: Diversity, transfer and One Health approach to avoid future outbreaks?

  2023cites this paper
• Comparison of tissue tropism and host response to enteric and respiratory enteroviruses

  2022cites this paper
• Animal Models for Experimental Research

  2022cites this paper
• The Youngbloods. Get Together. Hypercoagulation, Complement, and NET Formation in HIV/SIV Pathogenesis

  2022cites this paper
• The role of IL‐1β during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

  2022cites this paper
• CD8+ T-Cell Mediated Control of HIV-1 in a Unique Cohort With Low Viral Loads

  2021cites this paper
• Infection with multiple HIV-1 founder variants is associated with lower viral replicative capacity, faster CD4+ T cell decline and increased immune activation during acute infection

  2020cites this paper
• 20 Cell-Delivered Gene Therapy for HIV

  2017cites this paper
• The Application of Electric Fields in Biology and Medicine

  2017cites this paper
• The evolutionary history and activity of a gain-of-function polymorphism in a human antiviral gene

  2016cites this paper
• Effect of age and sex on bone markers in Chlorocebus aethiops raised in captivity

  2016cites this paper
• Short Communication: Low Immune Activation Is Associated with Higher Frequencies of Central Memory T Cell Subset in a Cohort of Indian Long-Term Nonprogressors.

  2016cites this paper
• HIV replication: a game of hide and sense

  2016cites this paper
• Immune activation in HIV infection: what can the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus teach us?

  2016cites this paper
• Immune Activation and HIV Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapy

  2015cites this paper
• Animal models are essential to biological research: issues and perspectives

  2015cites this paper
• Modulation of Type I interferon-associated viral sensing during acute simian immunodefiency virus (SIV) infection in African green monkeys Running title: Very early effects of SIV infection on viral sensing

  2015cites this paper
• SIV Infection of African Green Monkeys

  2014cites this paper
• Transient Increase of Interferon-Stimulated Genes and No Clinical Benefit by Chloroquine Treatment During Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Macaques

  2014cites this paper
• Innate Immune Responses and Rapid Control of Inflammation in African Green Monkeys Treated or Not with Interferon-Alpha during Primary SIVagm Infection

  2014cites this paper
• MHC polymorphism in Caribbean African green monkeys

  2014cites this paper
• Immune responses during spontaneous control of HIV and AIDS: what is the hope for a cure?

  2014cites this paper
• Modulation of Type I Interferon-Associated Viral Sensing during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in African Green Monkeys

  2014cites this paper
• Minocycline attenuates HIV‐1 infection and suppresses chronic immune activation in humanized NOD/LtsZ‐scidIL‐2Rγnull mice

  2014cites this paper
• Caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques du VIH chez les « HIV controllers »

  2014cites this paper
• Running title: Early effects of SIV infection on viral sensing

  2014cites this paper
• An investigation of changes in monocyte gene expression and CNS macrophage recruitment associated with the development of SIV encephalitis

  2014cites this paper
• Properties of Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses

  2014cites this paper
• The Role of Innate Immunity In HIV-1 Transmission and Pathogenesis: A Study of NK cells and Monocytes

  2014cites this paper
• Inflammation chronique et hyperactivation du système immunitaire chez les patients HIV controllers : liens avec le contrôle antiviral et la mise en jeu de la voie des interférons

  2014cites this paper
• Reassessing HIV Vaccine Strategies

  2014cites this paper
• HIV‐associated chronic immune activation

  2013cites this paper
• Short communication: HIV+ viremic slow progressors maintain low regulatory T cell numbers in rectal mucosa but exhibit high T cell activation.

  2013cites this paper
• Effects of SIV Infection on Lymphoid Chemokine CXCL13, Paneth cell Phenotype, and Intestinal Antimicrobial Peptide Expression

  2013cites this paper
• 51 – Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines

  2013cites this paper
• The Microbiological Context of HIV Resistance: Vaginal Microbiota and Mucosal Inflammation at the Viral Point of Entry

  2012cites this paper
• Natural SIV Infection: Immunological Aspects

  2012cites this paper
• Expression sequence tag library derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the chlorocebus sabaeus

  2012influential citation
• overproduction in response to microbial products α TNF monocytes from viremic HIV-infected patients in + Pivotal role of MDC 8

  2012cites this paper
• Living with the enemy: viral persistent infections from a friendly viewpoint.

  2012cites this paper
• Pivotal role of M-DC8⁺ monocytes from viremic HIV-infected patients in TNFα overproduction in response to microbial products.

  2012cites this paper
• Systems biology of natural simian immunodeficiency virus infections.

  2012cites this paper
• Mucocutaneous candidiasis in a mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx).

  2012cites this paper
• Pivotal role of M-DC8 (cid:1) monocytes from viremic HIV-infected patients in TNF (cid:2) overproduction in response to microbial products

  2012cites this paper
• Innate immunity in the control of HIV/AIDS: recent advances and open questions

  2012cites this paper
• Virus in a Primate Reservoir Host Adaptive Immune Responses to Yellow Fever Production, and Attenuated Innate and Distinctive TLR7 Signaling, Type I IFN

  2011cites this paper
• Cell-Delivered Gene Therapy for HIV

  2011cites this paper
• Dissecting the role of dendritic cells in simian immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS

  2011cites this paper
• 26 – Origin and Emergence of HIV/AIDS

  2011cites this paper
• Origin and Emergence of HIV/AIDS

  2011cites this paper
• Distinctive TLR7 Signaling, Type I IFN Production, and Attenuated Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Yellow Fever Virus in a Primate Reservoir Host

  2011cites this paper
• [Protection against AIDS? The example of African monkeys].

  2010cites this paper
• The microbiological context of HIV resistance

  2010cites this paper
• Se protéger du SIDA ? - L’exemple des singes d’Afrique

  2010influential citation
• Progress towards development of an HIV vaccine: report of the AIDS Vaccine 2009 Conference.

  2010cites this paper
• High content cellular immune profiling reveals differences between rhesus monkeys and men

  2010cites this paper
• HIV: a discovery opening the road to novel scientific knowledge and global health improvement.

  2010cites this paper
• SIVagm containing the SHIV89.6P Envelope gene replicates poorly and is non-pathogenic.

  2010cites this paper
• Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response.

  2009cites this paper
• Simian foamy virus infection in humans: prevalence and management

  2009cites this paper
• HIV: a discovery opening the road to novel scientific knowledge and global health improvement (Nobel lecture).

  2009cites this paper
• Antiretroviral therapy initiation during primary HIV infection enhances both CD127 expression and the proliferative capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells

  2009cites this paper
• Use of HIV as a gene transfer vector.

  2009cites this paper
• Inhibition of Adaptive Immune Responses Leads to a Fatal Clinical Outcome in SIV-Infected Pigtailed Macaques but Not Vervet African Green Monkeys

  2009cites this paper
• HIV: Eine Entdeckung zur Erschließung neuer wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse und weltweiter Fortschritte bei der Gesundheitsvorsorge (Nobel‐Vortrag)

  2009cites this paper