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The paradox of adaptive trait clines with nonclinal patterns in the underlying genes

K. Lotterhos

Published 2023 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

ABSTRACT

Significance Population geneticists have historically modeled adaptation in meta-populations to a single environmental gradient, which evolves monotonic clinal patterns in allele frequency at the loci under selection. This study shows that under complex multivariate adaptation, trait clines can evolve despite nonmonotonic allele frequency patterns across environmental gradients. These patterns are not discovered by genotype–environment association methods, which are widely used to discover adaptation. This result challenges widely held conceptual models of adaptation via subtle shifts in allele frequencies across environmental gradients and can explain why genes that underlie environmental traits do not always evolve clines. Additionally, this study shows that even when inference from genotype–environment association methods is inaccurate, multivariate quantitative traits can still be accurately estimated from genotypes and environments.

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