Two mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant immunity.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK) cascade is an important intercellular signaling module that regulates plant growth, development, reproduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A MAPK cascade usually consists of a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK/MEKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK/MKK/MEK), and a MAPK. The well-characterized MAPK cascades in plant immunity to date are the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade and the MAPKKK3/4/5-MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade. Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of immune signaling by both MAPK cascades. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in the role of both MAPK cascades in activating plant defense and in suppressing or fine-tuning immune signaling. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which plants stabilize and maintain the activation of MAPK cascades during immune signaling. Based on this review, we reveal the complexity and importance of the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade and the MAPKKK3/4/5-MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade in plant immunity, which are tightly controlled by their interacting partners or substrates.

• Publication year

  2024

• Venue

  Journal of Experimental Botany

• Publication date

  2024-01-18

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1093/jxb/erae020PMID 38241698
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of OsWRKY31 are integral to OsMKK10-2-mediated defense responses in rice

  2023cited by this paper
• MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 enhances disease resistance of edr1 mutants by phosphorylating MAPKKK5.

  2023cited by this paper
• NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup

  2023cited by this paper
• OsMKK6 Regulates Disease Resistance in Rice

  2023cited by this paper
• Is localized acquired resistance the mechanism for effector-triggered disease resistance in plants?

  2023cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 1 (CPL1) targets MAPK cascades to suppress plant immunity.

  2023cited by this paper
• Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants

  2023cited by this paper
• Essential role of the CD docking motif of MPK4 in plant immunity, growth, and development.

  2023cited by this paper
• MYB44 regulates PTI by promoting the expression of EIN2 and MPK3/6 in Arabidopsis

  2023cited by this paper
• Revisiting the role of MAPK signalling pathway in plants and its manipulation for crop improvement.

  2023cited by this paper
• Dynamic changes of the Prf/Pto tomato resistance complex following effector recognition

  2023cited by this paper
• Identification of MPK4 interacting proteins in guard cells.

  2023cited by this paper
• Suppression of ETI by PTI priming to balance plant growth and defense through a MPK3/MPK6-WRKYs-PP2Cs module.

  2023cited by this paper
• The OsBDR1-MPK3 module negatively regulates blast resistance by suppressing the jasmonate signaling and terpenoid biosynthesis pathway

  2023cited by this paper
• 14-3-3 proteins facilitate the activation of MAP kinase cascades by upstream immunity-related kinases.

  2023cited by this paper
• MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling

  2022cited by this paper
• Identification of MPK4 kinase interactome using TurboID proximity labeling proteomics in Arabidopsis thaliana.

  2022cited by this paper
• The Role of Ubiquitination in Plant Immunity: Fine-Tuning Immune Signaling and Beyond.

  2022cited by this paper
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05 increases resistance to bacterial wilt by activating MAPK and ROS pathway crosstalk in Arabidopsis thaliana.

  2022cited by this paper
• Phosphorylation-Mediated Inactivation of C3H14 by MPK4 Enhances Bacterial-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis.

  2022cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis MAPKK kinases YODA, MAPKKK3, and MAPKKK5 are functionally redundant in development and immunity.

  2022cited by this paper
• Overlapping functions of YDA and MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 upstream of MPK3/MPK6 in plant immunity and growth/development

  2022cited by this paper
• Ca2+ signals in plant immunity

  2022cited by this paper
• ROS homeostasis mediated by MPK4 and SUMM2 determines synergid cell death

  2022cited by this paper
• Simultaneous mutations in SMN1 and SUMM2 fully suppress the dwarf and autoimmune phenotypes of Arabidopsis mpk4 mutant

  2022cited by this paper
• Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plants: More than Sequential Phosphorylation

  2022cited by this paper
• Coat proteins of necroviruses target 14-3-3a to subvert MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral immunity in plants

  2022cited by this paper
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant signaling.

  2022cited by this paper
• PTI-ETI crosstalk: an integrative view of plant immunity.

  2021cited by this paper
• NLRs guard metabolism to coordinate pattern- and effector-triggered immunity

  2021cited by this paper
• Plant immune networks.

  2021cited by this paper
• Activation of TIR signalling boosts pattern-triggered immunity

  2021cited by this paper
• MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 impacts leaf development, temperature, and stomatal movement in hybrid aspen

  2021cited by this paper
• Analysis of the Oxidative Burst and Its Relevant Signaling Pathways in Leptosphaeria maculans—Brassica napus Pathosystem

  2021cited by this paper
• Initiation and amplification of SnRK2 activation in abscisic acid signaling

  2021cited by this paper
• Two VQ Proteins are Substrates of the OsMPKK6-OsMPK4 Cascade in Rice Defense Against Bacterial Blight

  2021cited by this paper
• Pathogen-inducible OsMPKK10.2-OsMPK6 cascade phosphorylates the Raf-like kinase OsEDR1 and inhibits its scaffold function to promote rice disease resistance.

  2021cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis Raf‐like kinases act as positive regulators of subclass III SnRK2 in osmostress signaling

  2020cited by this paper
• MAP3Kinase-dependent SnRK2-kinase activation is required for abscisic acid signal transduction and rapid osmotic stress response

  2020cited by this paper
• A RAF-SnRK2 kinase cascade mediates early osmotic stress signaling in higher plants

  2020cited by this paper
• The Arabidopsis exocyst subunits EXO70B1 and EXO70B2 regulate FLS2 homeostasis at the plasma membrane.

  2020cited by this paper
• Plant Raf-like kinases regulate the mRNA population upstream of ABA-unresponsive SnRK2 kinases under drought stress

  2020cited by this paper
• RNA Interference-Based Screen Reveals Concerted Functions of MEKK2 and CRCK3 in Plant Cell Death Regulation1[OPEN]

  2020cited by this paper
• MEKK2 inhibits activation of MAP kinases in Arabidopsis.

  2020cited by this paper
• Mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors

  2020cited by this paper
• Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity

  2020cited by this paper
• Plant Immunity: Danger Perception and Signaling.

  2020cited by this paper
• Co‐regulation of indole glucosinolates and camalexin biosynthesis by CPK5/CPK6 and MPK3/MPK6 signaling pathways

  2020cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis SMN2/HEN2, Encoding DEAD-box RNA Helicase, Governs Proper Expression of the Resistance Gene SMN1/RPS6 and Is Involved in Dwarf, Autoimmune Phenotypes of mekk1 and mpk4 Mutants

  2020cited by this paper
• Receptor-like kinases MDS1 and MDS2 promote SUMM2-mediated immunity.

  2020cited by this paper
• The malectin-like receptor-like kinase LETUM1 modulates NLR protein SUMM2 activation via MEKK2 scaffolding

  2020cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis E3 ligase KEG associates with and ubiquitinates MKK4 and MKK5 to regulate plant immunity.

  2020cited by this paper
• A trimeric CrRLK1L-LLG1 complex genetically modulates SUMM2-mediated autoimmunity

  2020cited by this paper
• Role of Raf-like kinases in SnRK2 activation and osmotic stress response in plants

  2020cited by this paper
• Exocyst subunit Exo70B2 is linked to immune signaling and autophagy.

  2020cited by this paper
• Calcium-activated 14-3-3 proteins as a molecular switch in salt stress tolerance

  2019cited by this paper
• MPK4 Phosphorylation Dynamics and Interacting Proteins in Plant Immunity.

  2019cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis MAPKKK δ-1 is required for full immunity against bacterial and fungal infection

  2019cited by this paper
• Plant immune signaling: Advancing on two frontiers.

  2019cited by this paper
• H2Bub1 Regulates RbohD-Dependent Hydrogen Peroxide Signal Pathway in the Defense Responses to Verticillium dahliae Toxins1

  2019cited by this paper
• Mechanisms of RALF peptide perception by a heterotypic receptor complex

  2019cited by this paper
• Expressing OsMPK4 Impairs Plant Growth but Enhances the Resistance of Rice to the Striped Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis

  2018cited by this paper
• BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE1 Phosphorylates MAPKKK5 to Regulate Immunity in Arabidopsis1

  2018cited by this paper
• Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Hormone Signaling

  2018cited by this paper
• Antagonistic interactions between two MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling

  2018cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ERF8) has dual functions in ABA signaling and immunity

  2018cited by this paper
• MKK6 Functions in Two Parallel MAP Kinase Cascades in Immune Signaling1[OPEN]

  2018cited by this paper
• Structural, Functional, and Genomic Diversity of Plant NLR Proteins: An Evolved Resource for Rational Engineering of Plant Immunity.

  2018cited by this paper
• Roles of Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase VII Members in Pattern-Triggered Immune Signaling1

  2018cited by this paper
• Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases Directly Link Diverse Pattern Recognition Receptors to the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Arabidopsis[OPEN]

  2018cited by this paper
• Disruption of the MAMP-Induced MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 Pathway Activates the TNL Immune Receptor SMN1/RPS6.

  2018cited by this paper
• Changes in PUB22 Ubiquitination Modes Triggered by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 Dampen the Immune Response[CC-BY]

  2017cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein LLG1 associates with and modulates FLS2 to regulate innate immunity

  2017cited by this paper
• Receptor Kinases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: More Than Pattern Recognition[OPEN]

  2017cited by this paper
• The NLR protein SUMM2 senses the disruption of an immune signaling MAP kinase cascade via CRCK3

  2016cited by this paper
• Bacterial AvrRpt2-Like Cysteine Proteases Block Activation of the Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, MPK4 and MPK111[OPEN]

  2016cited by this paper
• The Arabidopsis CERK1‐associated kinase PBL27 connects chitin perception to MAPK activation

  2016cited by this paper
• EDR1 Physically Interacts with MKK4/MKK5 and Negatively Regulates a MAP Kinase Cascade to Modulate Plant Innate Immunity

  2014cited by this paper
• Deletion of a Tandem Gene Family in Arabidopsis: Increased MEKK2 Abundance Triggers Autoimmunity when the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 Signaling Cascade Is Disrupted[C][W]

  2013cited by this paper
• Pivoting the Plant Immune System from Dissection to Deployment

  2013cited by this paper
• Constitutively Active Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Versions Reveal Functions of Arabidopsis MPK4 in Pathogen Defense Signaling[C][W]

  2012cited by this paper
• The Ubiquitin Ligase PUB22 Targets a Subunit of the Exocyst Complex Required for PAMP-Triggered Responses in Arabidopsis [C][W]

  2012cited by this paper
• Disruption of PAMP-induced MAP kinase cascade by a Pseudomonas syringae effector activates plant immunity mediated by the NB-LRR protein SUMM2.

  2012cited by this paper
• The MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 Kinase Cascade Negatively Regulates Immunity Mediated by a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase in Arabidopsis[C][W]

  2012cited by this paper
• AtMPK4 is required for male-specific meiotic cytokinesis in Arabidopsis.

  2011cited by this paper
• Tomato 14-3-3 Protein TFT7 Interacts with a MAP Kinase Kinase to Regulate Immunity-associated Programmed Cell Death Mediated by Diverse Disease Resistance Proteins*

  2011cited by this paper
• Phosphorylation of a WRKY Transcription Factor by Two Pathogen-Responsive MAPKs Drives Phytoalexin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis[C][W]

  2011cited by this paper
• Tomato 14-3-3 Protein 7 Positively Regulates Immunity-Associated Programmed Cell Death by Enhancing Protein Abundance and Signaling Ability of MAPKKK α[C][W]

  2010cited by this paper
• HINKEL kinesin, ANP MAPKKKs and MKK6/ANQ MAPKK, which phosphorylates and activates MPK4 MAPK, constitute a pathway that is required for cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

  2010cited by this paper
• The MAP Kinase MPK4 Is Required for Cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana[W]

  2010cited by this paper
• MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2 and MPK4 function together in a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to regulate innate immunity in plants

  2008cited by this paper
• Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 regulates gene expression through transcription factor release in the nucleus

  2008cited by this paper
• The plant immune system

  2006cited by this paper
• Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion.

  2006cited by this paper
• MEKK1 Is Required for flg22-Induced MPK4 Activation in Arabidopsis Plants1[C][W]

  2006cited by this paper
• 14-3-3 proteins: a historic overview.

  2006cited by this paper
• Structural basis for protein–protein interactions in the 14-3-3 protein family

  2006cited by this paper
• Plant immunity: the EDS1 regulatory node.

  2005cited by this paper
• Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception

  2004cited by this paper
• MAPKKKα is a positive regulator of cell death associated with both plant immunity and disease

  2004cited by this paper

• Genome-Wide Identification Analysis of the MAPKKK Gene Family in Cotton and Its Role in Development and Stress Response

  2026cites this paper
• Smi-miRmTERF regulates organelle development, retrograde signaling, secondary metabolism and immunity via targeting a subset of SmmTERFs in Salvia miltiorrhiza

  2025cites this paper
• Spatiotemporal transcriptomic and metabolomic landscapes of wild soybean seed development reveal regulatory mechanisms of nutrient accumulation

  2025cites this paper
• Functional analysis of StMAPK19 gene in response to salt stress in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

  2025cites this paper
• Rice blast pathogen effector AvrPib compromises disease resistance by targeting Raf‐like protein kinase OsMAPKKK72 to inhibit MAPK signaling

  2025cites this paper
• MAP kinases and stomatal regulation: current updates and future perspectives.

  2025cites this paper
• Chitosan-Derived Carbon Dots Enhance Root Rot Resistance in Isatis Tinctoria L. by Enhancing Plant Defense Responses.

  2025cites this paper
• Functional characterization of StMAPK3 in salt stress tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) through MAPK-mediated signaling networks.

  2025cites this paper
• Tomato mitogen-activated protein kinase: mechanisms of adaptation in response to biotic and abiotic stresses

  2025cites this paper
• Transcriptomic and biochemical analysis of pummelo x finger lime hybrids in response to Huanglongbing (HLB)

  2025cites this paper
• Single‐Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a Stereoscopic Response of Rice Leaf Cells to Magnaporthe oryzae Infection

  2025cites this paper
• Fungal Argonaute proteins act in bidirectional cross-kingdom RNA interference during plant infection

  2025cites this paper
• Genome-wide identification of the regulatory network of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades gene families in Hevea Brasiliensis

  2025cites this paper
• Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Differential Defense Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Phalaenopsis to Dickeya fangzhongdai

  2025cites this paper
• A review on different priming strategies to mitigate abiotic stress in plants

  2025cites this paper
• Nutrient and Transcriptome Analyses of Citrus Plants with Distinct Performances in Response to HLB.

  2025cites this paper
• Drought exacerbates levofloxacin phytotoxicity: Insights from Phragmites australis.

  2025cites this paper
• Advances in WRKY regulation of immune responses in medicinal plants

  2025cites this paper
• New Insights into the Connections between Flooding/Hypoxia Response and Plant Defenses against Pathogens

  2024cites this paper
• Current progress on pathogenicity-related genes in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4

  2024cites this paper
• The Role of Female and Male Genes in Regulating Pollen Tube Guidance in Flowering Plants

  2024cites this paper
• Combined Effects of Magnetized Irrigation and Water Source on Italian Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.) Growth and Gene Expression

  2024cites this paper
• Fortify the defense frontline: MAPKs phosphorylate receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase to maintain plant resistance in soybean

  2024cites this paper
• A 14-3-3 Protein Ca16R Acts Positively in Pepper Immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum by Interacting with CaASR1

  2024cites this paper