An overview of the cell cycle arrest protein, p21(WAF1).

p21, also known as WAF1, Cip1, Sdi1, Mda 6 and Cap20 is a cell cycle protein that regulates and can arrest the cell cycle in G1 or S phase (either dependent or independent of p53). Its role may be pivotal in many cell processes including differentiation and apoptosis. This brief overview provides a summary of its presently known functions and indicates areas for further research, particularly in relation to oral malignant disease. Greater understanding of its role may lead to therapeutic advances in the management of malignant disease.

• Publication year

  2000

• Venue

  Oral Oncology

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/S1368-8375(99)00049-4PMID 10928815
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Relationship of p53 overexpression to other cell cycle regulatory proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

  2007cited by this paper
• Therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma by tegafur and streptococcal agent OK-432 in combination with radiotherapy: Association of the therapeutic effect with differentiation and apoptosis in the cancer cells

  2004cited by this paper
• Expression of p21/waf1 in oral squamous cell carcinomas--correlation with p53 and mdm2 and cellular proliferation index.

  1999cited by this paper
• Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis

  1999cited by this paper
• Expression of p53 and p21CIP1/WAF1 proteins in oral epithelial dysplasias and squamous cell carcinomas.

  1999cited by this paper
• Cell cycle proteins and the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

  1999cited by this paper
• p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in colorectal carcinoma correlates with advanced disease stage and p53 mutations

  1999cited by this paper
• p21/WAF1, p53 and PCNA expression and p53 mutation status in hepatocellular carcinoma

  1998cited by this paper
• Resistance of human nucleotide excision repair synthesis in vitro to p21Cdn1

  1998cited by this paper
• p21WAF1/Cip1 is associated with cyclin D1CCND1 expression and tubular differentiation but is independent of p53 overexpression in human breast carcinoma

  1998cited by this paper
• p53- and p21-independent apoptosis of squamous cell carcinoma cells induced by 5-fluorouracil and radiation.

  1998cited by this paper
• Cloning and functional analysis of human p51, which structurally and functionally resembles p53

  1998cited by this paper
• Expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/cip1 in premalignant and malignant oral lesions: relationship with p53 status.

  1998cited by this paper
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  1998cited by this paper
• p21(WAF1/Cip1) retards the growth of human squamous cell carcinomas in vivo.

  1998cited by this paper
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  1998cited by this paper
• Preneoplastic oral lesions: the clinical value of image cytometry DNA analysis, p53 and p21/WAF1 expression.

  1998cited by this paper
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  1998cited by this paper
• Expression of p53 and p21 proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with lymph node metastasis and response to chemoradiotherapy.

  1998cited by this paper
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  1998cited by this paper
• Expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 is unrelated to p53 tumour suppressor gene status in oral squamous cell carcinomas.

  1998cited by this paper
• Monoallelically expressed gene related to p53 at 1p36, a region frequently deleted in neuroblastoma and other human cancers.

  1997cited by this paper
• New functional activities for the p21 family of CDK inhibitors.

  1997cited by this paper
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  1997cited by this paper
• p21WAF1/Cip1 expression is associated with cell differentiation but not with p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx

  1997cited by this paper
• Aberrant p21CIP1/WAF1 protein accumulation in head‐and‐neck cancer

  1997cited by this paper
• WAF1/Cip1 gene polymorphism and expression in carcinomas of the breast, ovary, and endometrium.

  1997cited by this paper
• Homologous regions of Fen1 and p21Cip1 compete for binding to the same site on PCNA: a potential mechanism to co-ordinate DNA replication and repair

  1997cited by this paper
• Aberrant p21(CIP1/WAF1) protein accumulation in head-and-neck cancer.

  1997cited by this paper
• Loss of p21Waf1/Cip1 sensitizes tumors to radiation by an apoptosis-independent mechanism.

  1997cited by this paper
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  1997cited by this paper
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  1996cited by this paper
• Relationship between p21 expression and mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in normal and malignant ovarian epithelial cells.

  1996cited by this paper
• Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21

  1996cited by this paper
• Regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression by p53-independent pathways.

  1996cited by this paper
• Paradoxical tumor inhibitory effect of p53 loss in transgenic mice expressing epidermal-targeted v-rasHa, v-fos, or human transforming growth factor alpha.

  1996cited by this paper
• p21waf1/cip1 protein associates with the detergent-insoluble form of PCNA concomitantly with disassembly of PCNA at nucleotide excision repair sites.

  1996cited by this paper
• p21 RNA and protein expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas: evidence of p53-independent expression and association with tumoral differentiation.

  1996cited by this paper
• Abrogation of apoptosis induced by DNA‐damaging agents in human bladder‐cancer cell lines with p21/WAF1/CIP1 and/or p53 gene alterations

  1996cited by this paper
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  1996cited by this paper
• p53-independent induction of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) during differentiation of HL-60 cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha.

  1996cited by this paper
• p21Cip1/Waf1 disrupts the recruitment of human Fen1 by proliferating-cell nuclear antigen into the DNA replication complex.

  1996cited by this paper
• Effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues on induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

  1996cited by this paper
• Radio‐induced modulation of transforming growth factor β1 sensitivity in a p53 wild‐type human colorectal‐cancer cell line

  1996cited by this paper
• Differentiation and IFN gamma regulate WAF1/CIP1 transcription in p53-independent and p53-dependent pathways in epithelial cells.

  1996cited by this paper
• Repair Defect in p21 WAF1/CIP1 -/- human cancer cells.

  1996cited by this paper
• Differentiation-associated overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf-1 in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

  1996cited by this paper
• Association between the p21 codon 31 A1 (arg) allele and lung cancer.

  1996cited by this paper
• Repair defect in p21WAF1/CIP1 -/- human cancer cells

  1996cited by this paper
• Transforming growth factor beta induces the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 through a p53-independent mechanism.

  1995cited by this paper
• p53-independent induction of WAF1/CIP1 in human leukemia cells is correlated with growth arrest accompanying monocyte/macrophage differentiation.

  1995cited by this paper
• Expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 is heterogeneous and unrelated to proliferation index in human ovarian carcinoma

  1995cited by this paper
• Topological control of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues.

  1995cited by this paper
• In vivo gene therapy with p53 or p21 adenovirus for prostate cancer.

  1995cited by this paper
• P53 and its implication in apoptosis (review).

  1995cited by this paper
• p53-dependent and independent expression of p21 during cell growth, differentiation, and DNA damage.

  1995cited by this paper
• Tumor suppression by p21WAF1.

  1995cited by this paper
• Radiation-induced cell cycle arrest compromised by p21 deficiency

  1995cited by this paper
• A mutant p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor isolated from a Burkitt's lymphoma.

  1995cited by this paper
• p53-independent expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in pancreatic carcinoma.

  1995cited by this paper
• Relationships between G1 arrest and stability of the p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1 proteins following gamma-irradiation of human lymphoma cells.

  1995cited by this paper
• Correlation of terminal cell cycle arrest of skeletal muscle with induction of p21 by MyoD

  1995cited by this paper
• Mechanism of inhibition of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent DNA synthesis by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21.

  1995cited by this paper
• Transforming growth factor β1 can induce CIP1/WAF1 expression independent of the p53 pathway in ovarian cancer cells

  1994cited by this paper
• p21-containing cyclin kinases exist in both active and inactive states.

  1994cited by this paper
• Induction of WAF1/CIP1 by a p53-independent pathway.

  1994cited by this paper
• Epidermal growth factor receptors in human breast carcinoma cells: a potential selective target for transforming growth factor alpha-Pseudomonas exotoxin 40 fusion protein.

  1994cited by this paper
• Mechanisms of regulation of WAF1/Cip1 gene expression in human breast carcinoma: role of p53-dependent and independent signal transduction pathways.

  1994cited by this paper
• p53, guardian of Rb

  1994cited by this paper
• Cloning of senescent cell-derived inhibitors of DNA synthesis using an expression screen.

  1994cited by this paper
• Induction of p21 (WAF-1/CIP1) during differentiation.

  1994cited by this paper
• Cip1 inhibits DNA replication but not PCNA-dependent nucleotide excision-repair.

  1994cited by this paper
• Cell cycle expression and p53 regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21.

  1994cited by this paper
• The p21 inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases controls DNA replication by interaction with PCNA

  1994cited by this paper
• Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells activates p21, WAF1/CIP1, expression in the absence of p53.

  1994cited by this paper
• Tumour biology. p53, guardian of Rb.

  1994cited by this paper
• p53-Dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes

  1994cited by this paper
• WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis.

  1994cited by this paper
• Differential effects by the p21 CDK inhibitor on PCNA-dependent DNA replication and repair

  1994cited by this paper
• WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression.

  1993cited by this paper
• Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21 are components of multiple cell cycle kinase complexes.

  1993cited by this paper
• Inhibition of CDK2 activity in vivo by an associated 20K regulatory subunit

  1993cited by this paper
• The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases.

  1993cited by this paper
• p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases

  1993cited by this paper
• Frequent p53 mutations in head and neck cancer.

  1992cited by this paper
• Most human squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity contain mutated p53 tumor-suppressor genes.

  1992cited by this paper
• p53 mutations in human cancers.

  1991cited by this paper

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  2025cites this paper
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  2018cites this paper
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  2015cites this paper
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  2015cites this paper
• p21, p53, TP53BP1 and p73 polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma in a Chinese population

  2015cites this paper
• Prognostication and Risk Assessment

  2015cites this paper
• Tumor suppressor genes in oral cancer

  2015influential citation
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  2014cites this paper
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  2014cites this paper
• Hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether exhibits stronger intestinal anticarcinogenic potency and effects on transcript profiles compared to hydroxytyrosol.

  2013cites this paper
• TNFα and Fas/FasL pathways are involved in 9-Methoxycamptothecin-induced apoptosis in cancer cells with oxidative stress and G2/M cell cycle arrest.

  2013cites this paper
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  2013cites this paper
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  2012cites this paper
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  2012cites this paper
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  2011influential citation
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  2009cites this paper
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  2009cites this paper
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  2009cites this paper
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  2009cites this paper
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  2008cites this paper
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  2008cites this paper
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  2007cites this paper
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  2007cites this paper
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  2007cites this paper
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  2005cites this paper
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  2005cites this paper
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  2005cites this paper
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  2004cites this paper
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  2004cites this paper
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  2003cites this paper
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  2002cites this paper
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  2002cites this paper
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  2002cites this paper
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  2002cites this paper
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