Neurotransmitter evaluation in the hippocampus of rats after intracerebral injection of TsTX scorpion toxin

TsTX is an α-type sodium channel toxin that stimulates the discharge of neurotransmitters from neurons. In the present study we investigated which neurotransmitters are released in the hippocampus after TsTX injection and if they are responsible for electrographic or histopathological effects. Microdialysis revealed that the toxin increased glutamate extracellular levels in the hippocampus; however, levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were not significantly altered. Neurodegeneration in pyramidal cells of hippocampus and electroencephalographic alterations caused by the toxin were blocked by pretreatment with riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor. The present results suggest a specific activity of TsTX in the hippocampus which affects only glutamate release.

• Publication year

  2009

• Venue

  Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1590/S1678-91992009000200007
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• Riluzole pretreatment blocked TsTX-induced neurodegeneration in hippocampal pyramidal cells and electroencephalographic alterations.

  Confidence 0.96

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• Extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine were not significantly altered after TsTX injection.

  Confidence 0.90

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• TsTX increased extracellular glutamate levels in the hippocampus after intracerebral injection.

  Confidence 0.98

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review

• electroencephalographic alterations

  observation

  EEG changes recorded after toxin exposure in the experimental animals.

  Aliases: EEG alterations

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• gamma-aminobutyric acid

  neurotransmitter

  An inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter measured in hippocampal extracellular fluid.

  Aliases: GABA

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• glutamate

  neurotransmitter

  An excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter measured in hippocampal extracellular fluid.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• glycine

  neurotransmitter

  An inhibitory neurotransmitter measured in hippocampal extracellular fluid.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• hippocampus

  brain region

  The rat brain region examined for neurotransmitter release and tissue effects after TsTX injection.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• pyramidal cells of hippocampus

  cell type

  The principal hippocampal neuron population evaluated for neurodegenerative damage.

  Aliases: hippocampal pyramidal cells

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• riluzole

  drug, inhibitor

  A drug used here as a glutamate release inhibitor before TsTX exposure.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• tstx

  toxin

  An α-type sodium channel toxin from scorpion venom used by intracerebral injection in rats.

  Aliases: TsTX scorpion toxin

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewAnonymous (12632b8b5f) reviewAK (4715169a40) review

• Seizure activity and changes in hippocampal extracellular glutamate, GABA, dopamine and serotonin.

  2008cited by this paper
• Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins.

  2007cited by this paper
• Voltage-gated sodium channel modulation by scorpion alpha-toxins.

  2007cited by this paper
• Overview of scorpion toxins specific for Na+ channels and related peptides: biodiversity, structure-function relationships and evolution.

  2005cited by this paper
• Effects of α-scorpion toxin, tityustoxin on the release of [3H] dopamine of rat brain prefrontal cortical slices

  2004cited by this paper
• Current views on scorpion toxins specific for K+-channels.

  2004cited by this paper
• Effect of age on body distribution of Tityustoxin from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in rats.

  2003cited by this paper
• A microdialysis study of glutamate concentration in the hippocampus of rats after TsTX toxin injection and blockade of toxin effects by glutamate receptor antagonists.

  2003influential reference
• Sodium Channel Toxins and Neurotransmitter Release

  2003cited by this paper
• The selectivity of scorpion alpha-toxins for sodium channel subtypes is determined by subtle variations at the interacting surface.

  2003cited by this paper
• Investigation of the modulation of glutamate release by sodium channels using neurotoxins.

  2002cited by this paper
• Modulation of Na+-Channels by Neurotoxins Produces Different Effects on [3H]ACh Release with Mobilization of Distinct Ca2+-Channels

  2002cited by this paper
• Release of γ-[3H]aminobutyric acid in rat brain cortical slices by α-scorpion toxin

  2002cited by this paper
• GABAergic Mechanisms in Epilepsy

  2001cited by this paper
• Effect of riluzole on the acquisition and expression of amygdala kindling.

  2001cited by this paper
• NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors are involved in the anticonvulsant activity of riluzole in DBA/2 mice.

  2000cited by this paper
• Structure, function and pharmacology of voltage-gated sodium channels

  2000cited by this paper
• Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels.

  2000cited by this paper
• Scorpion α and α‐like toxins differentially interact with sodium channels in mammalian CNS and periphery

  2000cited by this paper
• Selective depression of low-release probability excitatory synapses by sodium channel blockers.

  2000cited by this paper
• A Scorpion α-Like Toxin That Is Active on Insects and Mammals Reveals an Unexpected Specificity and Distribution of Sodium Channel Subtypes in Rat Brain Neurons

  1999cited by this paper
• Behavioral, electroencephalographic, and histopathologic effects of a neuropeptide isolated from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in rats.

  1998influential reference
• Alpha- and beta-scorpion toxins evoke glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes with different effects on [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i.

  1998cited by this paper
• Riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, and motor behavior

  1998cited by this paper
• Riluzole interacts with voltage-activated sodium and potassium currents in cultured rat cortical neurons.

  1998cited by this paper
• Tityustoxin-induced release of ATP from rat brain cortical synaptosomes.

  1997cited by this paper
• Identification of PN1, a predominant voltage-dependent sodium channel expressed principally in peripheral neurons.

  1997cited by this paper
• Sodium channel α-subunit mRNAs I, II, III, NaG, Na6 and hNE (PN1): Different expression patterns in developing rat nervous system

  1997cited by this paper
• A Novel Tetrodotoxin-sensitive, Voltage-gated Sodium Channel Expressed in Rat and Human Dorsal Root Ganglia*

  1997cited by this paper
• Action of New World scorpion venom and its neurotoxins in secretion.

  1996cited by this paper
• Riluzole Anesthesia: Use-Dependent Block of Presynaptic Glutamate Fibers

  1996cited by this paper
• Differential effects of calcium channel antagonists on tityustoxin and ouabain-induced release of [3H]acetylcholine from brain cortical slices.

  1995cited by this paper
• Effects of tityustoxin on central nervous system

  1995cited by this paper
• A novel, abundant sodium channel expressed in neurons and glia

  1995cited by this paper
• Sodium channel mRNAs I, II and III in the CNS: cell-specific expression.

  1994cited by this paper
• The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders

  1994cited by this paper
• Effects of Tityus serrulatus crude venom on the GABAergic and dopaminergic systems of the rat brain.

  1994cited by this paper
• Purification and characterization of chlorotoxin, a chloride channel ligand from the venom of the scorpion.

  1993cited by this paper
• The neuroprotective agent riluzole inhibits release of glutamate and aspartate from slices of hippocampal area CA1.

  1993cited by this paper
• Scorpion toxins targeted against the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscle.

  1992cited by this paper
• What is tityustoxin?

  1992cited by this paper
• Modification of Na Channel Gating by an a Scorpion Toxin from Tityus serrulat

  1989cited by this paper
• Modification of Na channel gating by an alpha scorpion toxin from Tityus serrulatus

  1989cited by this paper
• Differential subcellular localization of the RI and RII Na+ channel subtypes in central neurons.

  1989cited by this paper
• Tissue-specific expression of the RI and RII sodium channel subtypes.

  1987cited by this paper
• The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

  1983cited by this paper
• Cardiovascular and respiratory effects induced by intracerebroventricular injection of scorpion toxin (tityustoxin) in the rat.

  1977cited by this paper
• Separation of toxic components from the brazillian scorpion Tityus serrulatus venom.

  1966cited by this paper

• Tb1, a Neurotoxin from Tityus bahiensis Scorpion Venom, Induces Epileptic Seizures by Increasing Glutamate Release

  2020cites this paper
• Intrahippocampal injection of TsTX-I, a beta-scorpion toxin, causes alterations in electroencephalographic recording and behavior in rats.

  2010cites this paper