Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal

The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.

• Publication year

  2018

• Venue

  Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

• Publication date

  2018-06-06

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.148PMID 29885636PMCID 7172164
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Neutrophil Elastase

  2020cited by this paper
• Emerging roles of microglial cathepsins in neurodegenerative disease.

  2018cited by this paper
• Revealing the inhibitory potential of Yersinia enterocolitica on cysteine proteases of the papain family.

  2018cited by this paper
• Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): The quintessential 'offense and defense' molecules are more than antimicrobials.

  2017influential reference
• The human digestive tract has proteases capable of gluten hydrolysis

  2017cited by this paper
• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies.

  2017cited by this paper
• Cyanobacterial peptides as a prototype for the design of cathepsin D inhibitors

  2017cited by this paper
• 3',4',7,8-Tetrahydroxyflavone inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption.

  2017cited by this paper
• Ethnic and paleolithic diet: Where do they stand in inflammation alleviation? A discussion

  2017cited by this paper
• Galectin-3 Is a Target for Proteases Involved in the Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus

  2017cited by this paper
• Chitin and chitinase: Role in pathogenicity, allergenicity and health.

  2017cited by this paper
• Emerging Adjuvant Therapy for Cancer: Propolis and its Constituents

  2016cited by this paper
• Lysosomal Cathepsin A Plays a Significant Role in the Processing of Endogenous Bioactive Peptides

  2016cited by this paper
• Enhancement of endothelial permeability by free fatty acid through lysosomal cathepsin B-mediated Nlrp3 inflammasome activation

  2016cited by this paper
• Handbook Of Proteolytic Enzymes

  2016cited by this paper
• Modulation of Acid-sensing Ion Channel 1a by Intracellular pH and Its Role in Ischemic Stroke*

  2016cited by this paper
• Sorting nexin 10 acting as a novel regulator of macrophage polarization mediates inflammatory response in experimental mouse colitis

  2016cited by this paper
• Highlights on Hevea brasiliensis (pro)hevein proteins.

  2016cited by this paper
• Redefining the concept of protease-activated receptors: cathepsin S evokes itch via activation of Mrgprs

  2015cited by this paper
• Activation and regulation of caspase-6 and its role in neurodegenerative diseases.

  2015cited by this paper
• Studies on the Chitin Binding Property of Novel Cysteine-Rich Peptides from Alternanthera sessilis.

  2015cited by this paper
• Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans

  2015cited by this paper
• DNA, histones and neutrophil extracellular traps exert anti-fibrinolytic effects in a plasma environment

  2015cited by this paper
• Protease recognition sites in Bet v 1a are cryptic, explaining its slow processing relevant to its allergenicity

  2015cited by this paper
• Cereal bran fortified-functional foods for obesity and diabetes management: Triumphs, hurdles and possibilities

  2015cited by this paper
• Molecular characterization of a cathepsin F-like protease in Trichinella spiralis

  2015cited by this paper
• Aspartic cathepsin D degrades the cytosolic cysteine cathepsin inhibitor stefin B in the cells.

  2015cited by this paper
• Twenty years of the MEROPS database of proteolytic enzymes, their substrates and inhibitors

  2015cited by this paper
• Novel cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Naegleria fowleri excretory–secretory proteins and their biochemical properties

  2014cited by this paper
• Influence of a prudent diet on circulating cathepsin S in humans

  2014cited by this paper
• CTSC and Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome: detection of recurrent mutations in Hungarian patients, a review of published variants and database update

  2014cited by this paper
• Biology of the extracellular matrix: an overview.

  2014cited by this paper
• Distinct functions of macrophage-derived and cancer cell-derived cathepsin Z combine to promote tumor malignancy via interactions with the extracellular matrix

  2014influential reference
• Structural basis of collagen fiber degradation by cathepsin K

  2014cited by this paper
• Increased Neutrophil Extracellular Trap–Mediated Staphylococcus aureus Clearance Through Inhibition of Nuclease Activity by Clindamycin and Immunoglobulin

  2014cited by this paper
• How Does It Kill?: Understanding the Candidacidal Mechanism of Salivary Histatin 5

  2014cited by this paper
• Acid-sensing ion channels: a novel therapeutic target for pain and anxiety.

  2014cited by this paper
• Inhibition of the serine proteases of the complement system.

  2013cited by this paper
• Degradation of Misfolded Proteins by Autophagy: Is it a Strategy for Huntington's Disease Treatment?

  2013cited by this paper
• Acid-sensing ion channels in pain and disease

  2013cited by this paper
• Alpha‐2‐macroglobulin: A physiological guardian

  2013cited by this paper
• Acidic extracellular microenvironment and cancer

  2013cited by this paper
• Danger Signals in the Initiation of the Inflammatory Response after Myocardial Infarction

  2013cited by this paper
• pH sensing and regulation in cancer

  2013cited by this paper
• Cathepsin K: a unique collagenolytic cysteine peptidase

  2013cited by this paper
• Structural and dynamical aspects of HIV-1 protease and its role in drug resistance.

  2013cited by this paper
• Elastin Degradation by Cathepsin V Requires Two Exosites*

  2013cited by this paper
• Cathepsin F mutations cause Type B Kufs disease, an adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

  2013cited by this paper
• Cathepsin S from both tumor and tumor‐associated cells promote cancer growth and neovascularization

  2013cited by this paper
• Cathepsin B as a cancer target

  2013cited by this paper
• Cathepsin-mediated regulation of autophagy in saposin C deficiency

  2013cited by this paper
• Chapter 412 – Cathepsin O

  2013cited by this paper
• N-Cadherin Prodomain Processing Regulates Synaptogenesis

  2012cited by this paper
• Role of Integrins in Regulating Proteases to Mediate Extracellular Matrix Remodeling

  2012cited by this paper
• Cathepsins B and L activate Ebola but not Marburg virus glycoproteins for efficient entry into cell lines and macrophages independent of TMPRSS2 expression

  2012cited by this paper
• Inhibition of Aeromonas sobria serine protease (ASP) by α2-macroglobulin

  2012cited by this paper
• The Role of Cysteine Proteinases and their Inhibitors in the Host-Pathogen Cross Talk

  2012cited by this paper
• Determination of cathepsin V activity and intracellular trafficking by N‐glycosylation

  2012cited by this paper
• Cereal bran: the next super food with significant antioxidant and anticancer potential

  2012cited by this paper
• Restoring Specific Lactobacilli Levels Decreases Inflammation and Muscle Atrophy Markers in an Acute Leukemia Mouse Model

  2012cited by this paper
• Soluble E-cadherin: more than a symptom of disease.

  2012cited by this paper
• Proteases in autophagy.

  2012cited by this paper
• Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression

  2011cited by this paper
• Actin structure and function.

  2011cited by this paper
• The kallikrein-kinin system as a regulator of cardiovascular and renal function.

  2011cited by this paper
• Pollen proteases compromise the airway epithelial barrier through degradation of transmembrane adhesion proteins and lung bioactive peptides

  2011cited by this paper
• Cysteine cathepsins: From structure, function and regulation to new frontiers

  2011cited by this paper
• Acridone alkaloids as potent inhibitors of cathepsin V.

  2011cited by this paper
• Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease.

  2011cited by this paper
• Galectin-3 Facilitates Cell Motility in Gastric Cancer by Up-Regulating Protease-Activated Receptor-1(PAR-1) and Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1)

  2011cited by this paper
• Acidic Environment Leads to ROS-Induced MAPK Signaling in Cancer Cells

  2011cited by this paper
• Structural basis for the recognition and cleavage of histone H3 by cathepsin L

  2011cited by this paper
• Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment.

  2011cited by this paper
• The Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, E64d, Reduces Brain Amyloid-β and Improves Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models by Inhibiting Cathepsin B, but not BACE1, β-Secretase Activity

  2011cited by this paper
• How does heparin prevent the pH inactivation of cathepsin B? Allosteric mechanism elucidated by docking and molecular dynamics

  2010cited by this paper
• Stefin B Interacts with Histones and Cathepsin L in the Nucleus*

  2010cited by this paper
• Reevaluating Cathepsin D as a biomarker for breast cancer: Serum activity levels versus histopathology

  2010cited by this paper
• Matrix metalloproteinases involvement in pathologic conditions.

  2010cited by this paper
• Unique biological function of cathepsin L in secretory vesicles for biosynthesis of neuropeptides.

  2010cited by this paper
• Kininogens: More than cysteine protease inhibitors and kinin precursors.

  2010cited by this paper
• Neutrophil Elastase, Proteinase 3, and Cathepsin G as Therapeutic Targets in Human Diseases

  2010cited by this paper
• Serine protease activity contributes to control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in hypoxic lung granulomas in mice.

  2010cited by this paper
• Cathepsin D

  2010cited by this paper
• Cystatin Superfamily

  2010cited by this paper
• Posttranslational Processing and Modification of Cathepsins and Cystatins

  2010cited by this paper
• Protease Inhibitors from Plants with Antimicrobial Activity

  2009cited by this paper
• Serine proteases

  2009cited by this paper
• N‐cadherin prodomain cleavage regulates synapse formation in vivo

  2009cited by this paper
• Expression and regulation of cathepsin K in skin fibroblasts

  2009cited by this paper
• Cathepsin F Cysteine Protease of the Human Liver Fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini

  2009cited by this paper
• Galectin‐3 regulates T‐cell functions

  2009cited by this paper
• AMP-activated protein kinase pathway: a potential therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disease

  2009cited by this paper
• Cathepsin K-Dependent Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling Revealed in Experimental Arthritis

  2008cited by this paper
• Purification and characterization of recombinant human renin for X-ray crystallization studies

  2008cited by this paper
• Cathepsin D: a cellular roadmap.

  2008cited by this paper
• Emerging functions of placental cathepsins.

  2008cited by this paper
• Cathepsin B mediates the pH-dependent proinvasive activity of tumor-shed microvesicles.

  2008influential reference
• Cathepsin E: a mini review.

  2008cited by this paper
• The discovery of odanacatib (MK-0822), a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K.

  2008cited by this paper
• Discovery of selective and nonpeptidic cathepsin S inhibitors.

  2008cited by this paper

• Family identification to functional validation: CathepsinB emerges as a key apoptotic regulator in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) under Pseudomonas plecoglossicida stress.

  2026cites this paper
• GlRac Regulates a Noncanonical, ATG8-Independent Autophagy-Like Pathway in Giardia lamblia

  2026cites this paper
• Cutting to the core: Proteases in the tumor-bone interface and metastatic progression.

  2026cites this paper
• CATHEPSIN D: MOLECULAR, GENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS IN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT

  2026cites this paper
• Characterisations and molecular docking of cathepsin B cysteine proteinase a novel drug target for parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis

  2026cites this paper
• EPI-X4 is a peptide antagonist of CXCR4 with therapeutic prospects for cancer and inflammatory disorders.

  2026cites this paper
• Identification, Expression Profiling, Microbial Binding, and Agglutination Analyses of Two Cathepsin B Genes in Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)

  2025cites this paper
• Causal association of cathepsins with female infertility: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Capsaicin Alleviates Autophagy‐Lysosomal Dysfunction via PPARA‐Mediated V‐ATPase Subunit ATP6V0E1 Signaling in 3xTg‐AD Mice

  2025cites this paper
• Differential neuropilin isoform expressions highlight plasticity in macrophages in the heterogenous TME through in-silico profiling

  2025cites this paper
• Multiomics approach identifies dysregulated lipidomic and proteomic networks in Parkinson’s disease patients mutated in TMEM175

  2025cites this paper
• Genetic and biomechanics insights into cathepsins and non-cancerous digestive diseases: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

  2025cites this paper
• It’s a Trap!—Potential of Cathepsins in NET Formation

  2025cites this paper
• Production of human cathepsins using Expi293™ mammalian cell expression system for off‐target activity of cysteine protease inhibitor screening

  2025cites this paper
• Isolation, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of gallotannin derivatives as cathepsin C inhibitor.

  2025cites this paper
• High-dimensional analysis of injured patients reveals distinct circulating proteomic profiles in plasma vs. whole blood resuscitation

  2025cites this paper
• Evaluating the protonation state of the catalytic Cys25 in cruzain cysteine protease: A target for Chagas disease

  2025cites this paper
• A Second Opportunity for the Peptide-Based Analogues with γ-Lactam at the P1 Position: Human Cathepsin S Inhibition

  2025cites this paper
• Exercise as a multitarget therapy: modulating myokines, neurotrophins, and inflammation in Parkinson’s disease

  2025cites this paper
• Meat phenomics: A novel concern linking meat across the whole chain.

  2025cites this paper
• Cathepsin B Levels Correlate with the Severity of Canine Myositis

  2025cites this paper
• From Molecular Therapies to Lysosomal Transplantation and Targeted Drug Strategies: Present Applications, Limitations, and Future Prospects of Lysosomal Medications

  2025cites this paper
• Revealing the causal relationship between cathepsin and inflammatory disease of wrist through Mendelian randomization

  2025cites this paper
• Environmental concentrations of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) disturb the Ca2 + and K+ homeostasis in the gills and epidermis of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).

  2025cites this paper
• Systems biology of Haemonchus contortus - Advancing biotechnology for parasitic nematode control.

  2025cites this paper
• The relationship between cathepsins and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a Mendelian randomization analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Modulation of immune-inflammatory response induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: effect of the AahII toxin from Androctonus australis hector

  2025cites this paper
• Intranasal and Intravenous Sequential Administration of Survivin Peptide‐CpG Nanovaccines Elicits Potent Immunity Toward Glioblastoma

  2025cites this paper
• Suppression of cathepsin B attenuates myocardial injury via limiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis

  2025cites this paper
• Screening for novel factors involved in mouse early embryonic development using inhibitor libraries

  2025cites this paper
• Chemiluminescent probes for imaging cysteine cathepsin activity.

  2025cites this paper
• Genetic evidence for the causal impact of immune cells on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and the mediating effects of cathepsins.

  2025cites this paper
• Industrial scope of cysteine protease and its anti-gluten property: A review

  2025cites this paper
• Genetic insights into serum cathepsins as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in knee and hip osteoarthritis

  2024cites this paper
• Broadening Horizons: Exploring the Cathepsin Family as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease

  2024cites this paper
• Identification of novel potential cathepsin-B inhibitors through pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulation studies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

  2024cites this paper
• CTSG may inhibit disease progression in HIV-related lung cancer patients by affecting immunosuppression

  2024cites this paper
• Transcriptome analysis provides new insight into the mechanism of Bombyx mori under zinc exposure.

  2024cites this paper
• Elevated Circulating Procathepsin L as a Potential Biomarker of Inflamm-aging.

  2024cites this paper
• Editorial: New insights into prostate cancer: new biomarkers, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches

  2024cites this paper
• Fatty acid conjugated EPI-X4 derivatives with increased activity and in vivo stability.

  2024cites this paper
• Urolithin A improves Alzheimer's disease cognition and restores mitophagy and lysosomal functions

  2024cites this paper
• To stay or not to stay intact as an allergen: the endolysosomal degradation assay used as tool to analyze protein immunogenicity and T cell epitopes

  2024cites this paper
• Elevated Cathepsin B enzyme levels: a potential risk indicator for rheumatoid arthritis: Insights from a Mendelian randomization study

  2024cites this paper
• Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the relationship between cathepsins and malignant ovarian tumors

  2024cites this paper
• Cellular depletion of major cathepsin proteases reveals their concerted activities for lysosomal proteolysis

  2024cites this paper
• The Aging Lacrimal Gland of Female C57BL/6J Mice Exhibits Multinucleate Macrophage Infiltration Associated With Lipid Dysregulation

  2024cites this paper
• Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects

  2024cites this paper
• Unravelling the role of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases

  2024cites this paper
• The potential effect of Tubulysin A on autophagy in a group of cancer cell lines

  2024cites this paper
• Enhancing Targeted Drug Delivery through Cell‐Specific Endosomal Escape

  2024cites this paper
• Identification of urine biomarkers of endometriosis—Protein mass spectrometry

  2024cites this paper
• The Roles of T cells in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Arthritis

  2024cites this paper
• A Focus on the Proximal Tubule Dysfunction in Dent Disease Type 1

  2024cites this paper
• Cathepsin X is a conserved cell death protein involved in algal response to environmental stress

  2024cites this paper
• Age-related lung changes linked to altered lysosomal protease profile, histology, and ultrastructure

  2024cites this paper
• CTSG restraines the proliferation and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by blocking the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

  2024cites this paper
• Association between cathepsins and cardiomyopathy: A Mendelian randomization study

  2024cites this paper
• CTSG is a prognostic marker involved in immune infiltration and inhibits tumor progression though the MAPK signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer

  2024cites this paper
• The 12-Membered TNFR1 Peptide, as Well as the 16-Membered and 6-Membered TNF Peptides, Regulate TNFR1-Dependent Cytotoxic Activity of TNF

  2024cites this paper
• Causal relationship between cathepsins and major salivary gland neoplasms: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

  2024cites this paper
• Relationship between cathepsins and cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomized study

  2024cites this paper
• Drug-like screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energies on the interaction of pyrazole derivatives as inhibitors of lysosomal storage disorders and anticancer activity

  2024cites this paper
• Cathepsin L prevents the accumulation of alpha‐synuclein fibrils in the cell

  2024cites this paper
• One immune cell to bind them all: platelet contribution to neurodegenerative disease

  2024cites this paper
• Causal associations of MICB, CTSA, and MMP9 proteins with oral cancer: Mendelian randomization study

  2024cites this paper
• Specific photodamage on HT-29 cancer cells leads to endolysosomal failure and autophagy blockage by cathepsin depletion.

  2024cites this paper
• Association between cathepsins and benign prostate diseases: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

  2024cites this paper
• Elevated N‐glycosylated cathepsin L impairs oocyte function and contributes to oocyte senescence during reproductive aging

  2024cites this paper
• Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis investigates causal associations between cathepsins and inflammatory bowel disease

  2024cites this paper
• Mendelian randomized data mining for genome-wide association studies suggests a causal relationship between cathepsins and cardiovascular diseases

  2024cites this paper
• PDX proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana as novel substrates of cathepsin B: implications for vitamin B6 biosynthesis regulation

  2024cites this paper
• Autophagy-dependent ferroptosis may play a critical role in early stages of diabetic retinopathy

  2024cites this paper
• A Systematic Investigation of Proteoforms with N-Terminal Glycine and Their Dynamics Reveals Its Impacts on Protein Stability.

  2023cites this paper
• A review of soluble factors and receptors involved in fish skin immunity: The tip of the iceberg.

  2023cites this paper
• Mechanisms of lung damage in tuberculosis: implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

  2023cites this paper
• Rational design of humanized antibody inhibitors for cathepsin S.

  2023cites this paper
• Effect of CTSS non-synonymous mutations on litter size in Qianbei Ma goats

  2023cites this paper
• The endo-lysosomal system in Parkinson's disease: expanding the horizon.

  2023cites this paper
• Critical roles of PU.1/cathepsin S activation in regulating inflammatory responses of macrophages in periodontitis.

  2023cites this paper
• Cathepsin B maturation plays a critical role in leptin-induced hepatic cancer cell growth through activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes

  2023cites this paper
• Cathepsin L regulates oocyte meiosis and preimplantation embryo development

  2023cites this paper
• Relationship between cathepsin K and total oxidative state in diabetes mellitus female patients with osteoporosis in Iraq

  2023cites this paper
• S Protein, ACE2 and Host Cell Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry and Infectivity; Is Soluble ACE2 a Two Blade Sword? A Narrative Review

  2023cites this paper
• Targeting Cathepsin L in Cancer Management: Leveraging Machine Learning, Structure-Based Virtual Screening, and Molecular Dynamics Studies

  2023cites this paper
• Urine proteomics by mass spectrometry identifies proteins involved in key pathogenic pathways in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis.

  2023cites this paper
• Secreted and surface proteome and transcriptome of Opisthorchis felineus

  2023cites this paper
• Collateral beauty in the damages: an overview of cosmetics and therapeutic applications of microbial proteases

  2023cites this paper
• Nitriles: an attractive approach to the development of covalent inhibitors.

  2023cites this paper
• GLAUCARUBINONE - A LEAD MOLECULE FROM SIMAROUBA GLAUCA AS A POTENTIAL DRUG CANDIDATE, AN IN SILICO STUDY

  2023cites this paper
• Interleukin-13: association with inflammation and cysteine proteolysis in varicose transformation of the vascular wall

  2023cites this paper
• Expression and significance of cathepsin C and cathepsin D during pregnancy and Preeclampsia

  2023cites this paper
• Development of N-Terminally Modified Variants of the CXCR4-Antagonistic Peptide EPI-X4 for Enhanced Plasma Stability

  2023cites this paper
• Impact of Enniatin B and Beauvericin on Lysosomal Cathepsin B Secretion and Apoptosis Induction

  2023cites this paper
• Insight into crustacean cathepsins: Structure-evolutionary relationships and functional roles in physiological processes.

  2023cites this paper
• Biomaterial‐Based Gene Delivery to Central Nervous System Cells for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury

  2023cites this paper
• Non-Canonical Amino Acids in Analyses of Protease Structure and Function

  2023cites this paper
• Breast density and estradiol are associated with distinct different expression patterns of metabolic proteins in normal human breast tissue in vivo

  2023cites this paper
• Genome-Wide Analysis of Haemonchus contortus Proteases and Protease Inhibitors Using Advanced Informatics Provides Insights into Parasite Biology and Host–Parasite Interactions

  2023cites this paper
• Pan-Inhibition of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Caused Cell Death through Disrupting Cellular Proteostasis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells

  2023cites this paper