Fundamental Molecules and Mechanisms for Forming and Maintaining Neuromuscular Synapses

The neuromuscular synapse is a relatively large synapse with hundreds of active zones in presynaptic motor nerve terminals and more than ten million acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the postsynaptic membrane. The enrichment of proteins in presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes ensures a rapid, robust, and reliable synaptic transmission. Over fifty years ago, classic studies of the neuromuscular synapse led to a comprehensive understanding of how a synapse looks and works, but these landmark studies did not reveal the molecular mechanisms responsible for building and maintaining a synapse. During the past two-dozen years, the critical molecular players, responsible for assembling the specialized postsynaptic membrane and regulating nerve terminal differentiation, have begun to be identified and their mechanism of action better understood. Here, we describe and discuss five of these key molecular players, paying heed to their discovery as well as describing their currently understood mechanisms of action. In addition, we discuss the important gaps that remain to better understand how these proteins act to control synaptic differentiation and maintenance.

• Publication year

  2018

• Venue

  International Journal of Molecular Sciences

• Publication date

  2018-02-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/ijms19020490PMID 29415504PMCID 5855712
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• DOK7 gene therapy enhances motor activity and life span in ALS model mice

  2017cited by this paper
• Neuronal LRP4 regulates synapse formation in the developing CNS

  2017cited by this paper
• Agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling as a therapeutic target for myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders

  2017cited by this paper
• The carboxyl-terminal region of Dok-7 plays a key, but not essential, role in activation of muscle-specific receptor kinase MuSK and neuromuscular synapse formation

  2017cited by this paper
• α-Dystrobrevin-1 recruits Grb2 and α-catulin to organize neurotransmitter receptors at the neuromuscular junction

  2016cited by this paper
• Enzymatic Activity of the Scaffold Protein Rapsyn for Synapse Formation.

  2016cited by this paper
• Faculty Opinions recommendation of Neuromuscular disease. DOK7 gene therapy benefits mouse models of diseases characterized by defects in the neuromuscular junction.

  2016cited by this paper
• Diverging roles for Lrp4 and Wnt signaling in neuromuscular synapse development during evolution

  2016cited by this paper
• Lrp4 in astrocytes modulates glutamatergic transmission

  2016cited by this paper
• Mechanisms Regulating Neuromuscular Junction Development and Function and Causes of Muscle Wasting.

  2015cited by this paper
• An oncogenic role of Agrin in regulating focal adhesion integrity in hepatocellular carcinoma

  2015cited by this paper
• Lrp4 Domains Differentially Regulate Limb/Brain Development and Synaptic Plasticity

  2015cited by this paper
• Impaired Synaptic Development, Maintenance, and Neuromuscular Transmission in LRP4-Related Myasthenia.

  2015cited by this paper
• MuSK Frizzled-Like Domain Is Critical for Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction Formation and Maintenance

  2015cited by this paper
• DOK7 gene therapy benefits mouse models of diseases characterized by defects in the neuromuscular junction

  2014cited by this paper
• Synaptic plasticity and cognitive function are disrupted in the absence of Lrp4

  2014cited by this paper
• The MuSK activator agrin has a separate role essential for postnatal maintenance of neuromuscular synapses

  2014cited by this paper
• LRP4 third β-propeller domain mutations cause novel congenital myasthenia by compromising agrin-mediated MuSK signaling in a position-specific manner.

  2014cited by this paper
• The role of MuSK in synapse formation and neuromuscular disease.

  2013cited by this paper
• MuSK IgG4 autoantibodies cause myasthenia gravis by inhibiting binding between MuSK and Lrp4

  2013cited by this paper
• Structure and superorganization of acetylcholine receptor–rapsyn complexes

  2013cited by this paper
• MuSK Myasthenia Gravis IgG4 Disrupts the Interaction of LRP4 with MuSK but Both IgG4 and IgG1-3 Can Disperse Preformed Agrin-Independent AChR Clusters

  2013cited by this paper
• Structural and functional discussion of the tetra-trico-peptide repeat, a protein interaction module.

  2012cited by this paper
• Lrp4 Is A Retrograde Signal For Presynaptic Differentiation At Neuromuscular Synapses

  2012cited by this paper
• Structural basis of agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling.

  2012cited by this paper
• Distinct roles of muscle and motoneuron LRP4 in neuromuscular junction formation.

  2012cited by this paper
• Increasing MuSK activity delays denervation and improves motor function in ALS mice.

  2012cited by this paper
• Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis IgG4 autoantibodies cause severe neuromuscular junction dysfunction in mice.

  2012cited by this paper
• Current status of the congenital myasthenic syndromes.

  2012cited by this paper
• Agrin Binds to the N-terminal Region of Lrp4 Protein and Stimulates Association between Lrp4 and the First Immunoglobulin-like Domain in Muscle-specific Kinase (MuSK)*

  2011cited by this paper
• The extracellular region of Lrp4 is sufficient to mediate neuromuscular synapse formation

  2011cited by this paper
• Neuregulin/ErbB regulate neuromuscular junction development by phosphorylation of α-dystrobrevin

  2011cited by this paper
• The cytoplasmic adaptor protein Dok7 activates the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK via dimerization.

  2010cited by this paper
• Dok-7 regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by recruiting Crk and Crk-L.

  2010cited by this paper
• LRP4 mutations alter Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and cause limb and kidney malformations in Cenani-Lenz syndrome.

  2010cited by this paper
• Lrp4 Regulates Initiation of Ureteric Budding and Is Crucial for Kidney Formation – A Mouse Model for Cenani-Lenz Syndrome

  2010cited by this paper
• Dok-7 Activates the Muscle Receptor Kinase MuSK and Shapes Synapse Formation

  2009cited by this paper
• Wnt signals organize synaptic prepattern and axon guidance through the zebrafish unplugged/MuSK receptor.

  2009cited by this paper
• The Function of Cortactin in the Clustering of Acetylcholine Receptors at the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction

  2009cited by this paper
• The roles of Dok family adapters in immunoreceptor signaling

  2009cited by this paper
• Faculty Opinions recommendation of Identification of a motif in the acetylcholine receptor beta subunit whose phosphorylation regulates rapsyn association and postsynaptic receptor localization.

  2008cited by this paper
• LRP4 serves as a coreceptor of agrin.

  2008influential reference
• Dok‐7 myasthenia: Phenotypic and molecular genetic studies in 16 patients

  2008cited by this paper
• alpha-Actinin interacts with rapsyn in agrin-stimulated AChR clustering

  2008cited by this paper
• Mutations Causing DOK7 Congenital Myasthenia Ablate Functional Motifs in Dok-7*

  2008influential reference
• Lrp4 is a receptor for Agrin and forms a complex with MuSK.

  2008cited by this paper
• MuSK controls where motor axons grow and form synapses

  2008cited by this paper
• Anti‐MuSK patient antibodies disrupt the mouse neuromuscular junction

  2008cited by this paper
• Dok-7/MuSK signaling and a congenital myasthenic syndrome.

  2008cited by this paper
• Identification of a Motif in the Acetylcholine Receptor β Subunit Whose Phosphorylation Regulates Rapsyn Association and Postsynaptic Receptor Localization

  2008cited by this paper
• The actin binding domain of ACF7 binds directly to the tetratricopeptide repeat domains of rapsyn.

  2007cited by this paper
• Rapsyn interaction with calpain stabilizes AChR clusters at the neuromuscular junction.

  2007cited by this paper
• Phenotypical spectrum of DOK7 mutations in congenital myasthenic syndromes.

  2007cited by this paper
• Regulation of synaptic growth and maturation by a synapse-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase at the neuromuscular junction

  2007cited by this paper
• Synaptic differentiation is defective in mice lacking acetylcholine receptor β-subunit tyrosine phosphorylation

  2007cited by this paper
• Neuromuscular Synapse Formation in Mice Lacking Motor Neuron- and Skeletal Muscle-Derived Neuregulin-1

  2006cited by this paper
• MuSK Expressed in the Brain Mediates Cholinergic Responses, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory Formation

  2006influential reference
• Identification of developmentally regulated expression of MuSK in astrocytes of the rodent retina

  2006influential reference
• Induction of myasthenia by immunization against muscle-specific kinase.

  2006cited by this paper
• LDL-receptor-related protein 4 is crucial for formation of the neuromuscular junction

  2006influential reference
• Identification of a doublet missense substitution in the bovine LRP4 gene as a candidate causal mutation for syndactyly in Holstein cattle.

  2006cited by this paper
• The Muscle Protein Dok-7 Is Essential for Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis

  2006cited by this paper
• Myasthenia gravis induced in mice by immunization with the recombinant extracellular domain of rat muscle-specific kinase (MuSK).

  2006cited by this paper
• Synapse disassembly and formation of new synapses in postnatal muscle upon conditional inactivation of MuSK.

  2006cited by this paper
• Dok-7 Mutations Underlie a Neuromuscular Junction Synaptopathy

  2006cited by this paper
• Neurotransmitter acetylcholine negatively regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by a Cdk5-dependent mechanism.

  2005cited by this paper
• Synapses Form in Skeletal Muscles Lacking Neuregulin Receptors

  2005cited by this paper
• Abnormal development of the apical ectodermal ridge and polysyndactyly in Megf7-deficient mice.

  2005cited by this paper
• Aberrant motor axon projection, acetylcholine receptor clustering, and neurotransmission in cyclin-dependent kinase 5 null mice.

  2005cited by this paper
• Agrin promotes synaptic differentiation by counteracting an inhibitory effect of neurotransmitter.

  2005cited by this paper
• Nerve-independent formation of a topologically complex postsynaptic apparatus

  2004cited by this paper
• MuSK is required for anchoring acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction

  2004cited by this paper
• Inhibition of synapse assembly in mammalian muscle in vivo by RNA interference

  2004cited by this paper
• Tyrosine-phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated isoforms of alpha-dystrobrevin: roles in skeletal muscle and its neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions.

  2003cited by this paper
• Tyrosine-phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated isoforms of α-dystrobrevin

  2003cited by this paper
• TPR proteins: the versatile helix.

  2003cited by this paper
• Agrin Regulates Rapsyn Interaction with Surface Acetylcholine Receptors, and This Underlies Cytoskeletal Anchoring and Clustering*

  2003cited by this paper
• Cooperative Regulation by Rac and Rho of Agrin-induced Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering in Muscle Cells*

  2003cited by this paper
• Rapsyn Escorts the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Along the Exocytic Pathway via Association with Lipid Rafts

  2002cited by this paper
• Rapsyn mutations in humans cause endplate acetylcholine-receptor deficiency and myasthenic syndrome.

  2002cited by this paper
• Crystal structure of the MuSK tyrosine kinase: insights into receptor autoregulation.

  2002cited by this paper
• Molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules

  2002cited by this paper
• Patterning of skeletal muscle.

  2002cited by this paper
• Induction, assembly, maturation and maintenance of a postsynaptic apparatus

  2001cited by this paper
• Src, Fyn, and Yes Are Not Required for Neuromuscular Synapse Formation But Are Necessary for Stabilization of Agrin-Induced Clusters of Acetylcholine Receptors

  2001cited by this paper
• Patterning of muscle acetylcholine receptor gene expression in the absence of motor innervation.

  2001cited by this paper
• Structural basis for autoinhibition of the Ephb2 receptor tyrosine kinase by the unphosphorylated juxtamembrane region.

  2001cited by this paper
• Interactions of the Rapsyn RING-H2 Domain with Dystroglycan*

  2001cited by this paper
• Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies

  2001cited by this paper
• Role of Rapsyn Tetratricopeptide Repeat and Coiled-coil Domains in Self-association and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering*

  2001cited by this paper
• Distinct roles of nerve and muscle in postsynaptic differentiation of the neuromuscular synapse

  2001cited by this paper
• An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex

  2001cited by this paper
• Magi-1c

  2001cited by this paper
• Agrin Isoforms with Distinct Amino Termini

  2000cited by this paper
• The Actin-Driven Movement and Formation of Acetylcholine Receptor Clusters

  2000cited by this paper
• The Myristoylated Protein Rapsyn is Cotargeted with the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor to the Postsynaptic Membrane via the Exocytic Pathway

  2000cited by this paper
• Maturation and maintenance of the neuromuscular synapse: genetic evidence for roles of the dystrophin--glycoprotein complex.

  2000cited by this paper
• Agrin-Induced Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering Is Mediated by the Small Guanosine Triphosphatases Rac and Cdc42

  2000cited by this paper
• DNA topoisomerase IIbeta and neural development.

  2000cited by this paper
• The juxtamembrane region of MuSK has a critical role in agrin‐mediated signaling

  2000cited by this paper

• A Validated Transcriptomic NMJ Remodeling Score Reveals Synaptic Dysfunction Independent of Muscle Atrophy after Immobilization in a Microgravity Analog

  2026cites this paper
• Therapeutic horizons of MuSK in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a comprehensive narrative review

  2026cites this paper
• Human in vitro neuromuscular junction model to functionally dissect the pathogenic mechanism of anti-AChR autoantibody-positive myasthenia gravis

  2025cites this paper
• The Neuromuscular Junction: A Shared Vulnerability in Aging and Disease

  2025cites this paper
• Syntaphilin loss enhances mitochondrial axonal transport and neuromuscular junction formation in a human stem cell derived neuromuscular assembloid model

  2025cites this paper
• Structure and function of the neuromuscular junction in health and myasthenia gravis.

  2025cites this paper
• Molecular constraints of sarcopenia in the ageing muscle

  2025cites this paper
• Identification of CaVβ1 Isoforms Required for Neuromuscular Junction Formation and Maintenance

  2025cites this paper
• Dissection and Whole-Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of Mouse Hind Paw Muscles for Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• A molecular systems architecture of neuromuscular junction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

  2025cites this paper
• Agrin/Dok‐7‐induced JPH2 phosphorylation in muscle cells is involved in AChR clustering

  2025cites this paper
• Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes.

  2025cites this paper
• The Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction: Developmental Overview.

  2024cites this paper
• Mechanoresponsive regulation of myogenesis by the force-sensing transcriptional regulator Tono.

  2024cites this paper
• ARGX-119 is an agonist antibody for human MuSK that reverses disease relapse in a mouse model of congenital myasthenic syndrome

  2024cites this paper
• Spatial transcriptomics in embryonic mouse diaphragm muscle reveals regional gradients and subdomains of developmental gene expression

  2024cites this paper
• Review: myogenic and muscle toxicity targets of environmental methylmercury exposure

  2024cites this paper
• Prevention of age‐related neuromuscular junction degeneration in sarcopenia by low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration

  2024influential citation
• Myasthenia gravis-Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

  2024cites this paper
• Molecular and Structural Alterations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Nuclei during Aging

  2024cites this paper
• Epigenetics of Genes Preferentially Expressed in Dissimilar Cell Populations: Myoblasts and Cerebellum

  2024cites this paper
• IgG1-3 MuSK Antibodies Inhibit AChR Cluster Formation, Restored by SHP2 Inhibitor, Despite Normal MuSK, DOK7, or AChR Subunit Phosphorylation

  2023cites this paper
• Synergistically Acting on Myostatin and Agrin Pathways Increases Neuromuscular Junction Stability and Endurance in Old Mice

  2023cites this paper
• Discovery and pharmacological characterization of novel positive allosteric modulators acting on skeletal muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

  2023cites this paper
• Muscle and Its Neuromuscular Synapse – Players in the Pathogenesis of Motor Neuron Disease

  2023cites this paper
• Conventional and emerging treatments and controversies in myasthenia gravis

  2023cites this paper
• Advances in In Vitro Models of Neuromuscular Junction: Focusing on Organ‐on‐a‐Chip, Organoids, and Biohybrid Robotics

  2023cites this paper
• The role of Rapsyn in neuromuscular junction and congenital myasthenic syndrome

  2023cites this paper
• Cellular and Subcellular Characteristics of Neuromuscular Junctions in Muscles with Disparate Duty Cycles and Myofiber Profiles

  2023cites this paper
• A mechanically regulated liquid-liquid phase separation of the transcriptional regulator Tono instructs muscle development

  2023cites this paper
• Internalization of Muscle-Specific Kinase Is Increased by Agrin and Independent of Kinase-Activity, Lrp4 and Dynamin

  2022cites this paper
• Phosphoproteome Profiling of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase MuSK Identifies Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Rab GTPases

  2022cites this paper
• Counteractive and cooperative actions of muscle β-catenin and CaV1.1 during early neuromuscular synapse formation

  2022cites this paper
• Alignment of Skeletal Muscle Cells Facilitates Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering and Neuromuscular Junction Formation with Co-Cultured Human iPSC-Derived Motor Neurons

  2022cites this paper
• Neuronal Agrin Promotes Proliferation of Primary Human Myoblasts in an Age-Dependent Manner

  2022cites this paper
• Deconstruction of Neurotrypsin Reveals a Multi-factorially Regulated Activity Affecting Myotube Formation and Neuronal Excitability

  2022cites this paper
• ALS mutations in both human skeletal muscle and motoneurons differentially affects neuromuscular junction integrity and function.

  2022cites this paper
• Embryonic origins of skeletal muscle

  2022cites this paper
• Ubiquitin Ligases in Longevity and Aging Skeletal Muscle

  2022cites this paper
• Control of CRK-RAC1 activity by the miR-1/206/133 miRNA family is essential for neuromuscular junction function

  2022cites this paper
• Impaired signaling for neuromuscular synaptic maintenance is a feature of Motor Neuron Disease

  2022cites this paper
• Timing and localization of myasthenia gravis‐related gene expression

  2021cites this paper
• Neurexins: molecular codes for shaping neuronal synapses

  2021cites this paper
• Timing and localization of myasthenia gravis-related gene expression

  2021cites this paper
• ActRIIB:ALK4-Fc alleviates muscle dysfunction and comorbidities in murine models of neuromuscular disorders.

  2021cites this paper
• Autoantibody of NRIP, a novel AChR‐interacting protein, plays a detrimental role in myasthenia gravis

  2021cites this paper
• The HSPG syndecan is a core organizer of cholinergic synapses

  2021cites this paper
• Morphological Changes in the Motor Endplate and in the Belly Muscle Induced by Previous Static Stretching to the Climbing Protocol

  2021cites this paper
• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor redux: Discovery of accessories opens therapeutic vistas

  2021cites this paper
• Three-dimensional in vitro models of neuromuscular tissue

  2021cites this paper
• SMN controls neuromuscular junction integrity through U7 snRNP

  2021cites this paper
• MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis - our experience

  2021cites this paper
• Recent insights into neuromuscular junction biology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Impacts, challenges, and opportunities

  2020cites this paper
• Motor function recovery: deciphering a regenerative niche at the neuromuscular synapse

  2020cites this paper
• AChRs Degeneration at NMJ in Aging-Associated Sarcopenia–A Systematic Review

  2020cites this paper
• AChR β-Subunit mRNAs Are Stabilized by HuR in a Mouse Model of Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome With Acetylcholinesterase Deficiency

  2020cites this paper
• The HSPG Syndecan is a core organizer of cholinergic synapses in C. elegans

  2020cites this paper
• Neurexins play a crucial role in cerebellar granule cell survival by organizing autocrine machinery for neurotrophins

  2020cites this paper
• Building neuromuscular junctions in vitro

  2020cites this paper
• Dynamin-2 Regulates Postsynaptic Cytoskeleton Organization and Neuromuscular Junction Development.

  2020cites this paper
• Human motor units in microfluidic devices are impaired by FUS mutations and improved by HDAC6 inhibition

  2020cites this paper
• Heterologous fibrin biopolymer associated to a single suture stitch enables the return of neuromuscular junction to its mature pattern after peripheral nerve injury.

  2020cites this paper
• NT-mini, a recombinant tool for the study of Neurotrypsin functionality

  2020cites this paper
• Possible implications of dysregulated nicotinic acetylcholine receptor diffusion and nanocluster formation in myasthenia gravis

  2020cites this paper
• Dynamin-2 regulates synaptic podosome maturation to facilitate neuromuscular junction development

  2020cites this paper
• Myasthenia Gravis: From the Viewpoint of Pathogenicity Focusing on Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering, Trans-Synaptic Homeostasis and Synaptic Stability

  2020cites this paper
• Roles of Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in the Formation and Dispersal of Acetylcholine Receptor Clusters.

  2020cites this paper
• Muscle-Specific Kinase Myasthenia Gravis

  2020cites this paper
• Multiple MuSK signaling pathways and the aging neuromuscular junction.

  2020cites this paper
• Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies transcriptional heterogeneity in multinucleated skeletal myofibers

  2020cites this paper
• A muscle-epidermis-glia signaling axis sustains synaptic specificity during allometric growth in Caenorhabditis elegans

  2020cites this paper
• ANTIBODIES AND RECEPTORS: from neuromuscular junction to central nervous system.

  2020cites this paper
• Bridging the Molecular-Cellular Gap in Understanding Ion Channel Clustering

  2020cites this paper
• Dissecting the Extracellular Complexity of Neuromuscular Junction Organizers

  2020influential citation
• Blocking skeletal muscle DHPRs/Ryr1 prevents neuromuscular synapse loss in mutant mice deficient in type III Neuregulin 1 (CRD-Nrg1)

  2019cites this paper
• [Sepsis impairs aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on murine skeletal muscle cell membranes by inhibiting AKT/GSK3β phosphorylation].

  2019cites this paper
• Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 regulate neuromuscular junction and myofiber phenotypes in mammalian skeletal muscle.

  2019cites this paper
• Nerve, Muscle, and Synaptogenesis

  2019cites this paper
• β2-Adrenergic receptor agonists ameliorate the adverse effect of long-term pyridostigmine on neuromuscular junction structure

  2019cites this paper
• Centrosome and ciliary abnormalities in fetal akinesia deformation sequence human fibroblasts

  2019cites this paper
• ADAMTS-family protease MIG-17 regulates synaptic allometry by modifying the extracellular matrix and modulating glia morphology during growth

  2019cites this paper
• Pathogenic effects of agrin V1727F mutation are isoform-specific and decrease its expression and affinity for HSPGs and LRP4.

  2019cites this paper
• The Electrophysiology of Presynaptic Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes With and Without Facilitation: From Electrodiagnostic Findings to Molecular Mechanisms

  2019cites this paper
• MuSK myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies

  2019cites this paper
• Synaptic Compensatory Mechanism and its Impairment in Autoimmune Myasthenic Diseases

  2019cites this paper
• Vezatin is required for the maturation of the neuromuscular synapse

  2019cites this paper
• An improved method for culturing myotubes on laminins for the robust clustering of postsynaptic machinery

  2019cites this paper
• Rapsyn facilitates recovery from desensitization in fetal and adult acetylcholine receptors expressed in a muscle cell line

  2019cites this paper
• Utility of experimental animal models of myasthenia gravis for the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms and development of new medications

  2019cites this paper
• Engineering complex muscle-tissue interfaces through microfabrication

  2019cites this paper
• Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes in 2018

  2018cites this paper
• Autoantibodies in neurological disorders-Level 2 What ’ s new in myasthenia gravis ?

  2018influential citation
• Calcium Influx and Release Cooperatively Regulate AChR Patterning and Motor Axon Outgrowth during Neuromuscular Junction Formation.

  2018cites this paper